PC  Title Page

 

 

 

 

Peggey Clayton

 

 

her book

 

 

March 11, 1776

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Transcribed in   2015 by Chris Brown, Marietta, GA

Please note that this is a “best efforts” transcription,

but there could be inadvertent errors.


 

PC  Page 1

 

Numeration.

Artwork:

A flag inscribed “Liberty” is incorporated into the “N” of “Numeration”

The lettering of the title is in calligraphy and is highly decorated with flowers and leaves, with flourishes above and decorative underlining.

Flourishes cross the bottom of the page and are left and right of the Table.

There is no border to this page.

 

Text:

Numeration teaches to read or write any sum or number proposed or known._________

 

THE TABLE

 

(A table of figures ranging from hundreds of millions to units)

                                                            987654321

                                                              98765432

                                                                9876543

                                                                  987654

                                                                    98765

                                                                      9876

                                                                        987

                                                                          98

                                                                              9

                                                                        March 12

            Miss                                                          1776

Peggey Clayton’s book


 

 

PC  Page 2

Page 2 (reverse of page 1) is blank

 

PC  Page 3

 

Addition of whole numbers.

Artwork :

The title is printed in caps and lower case letters, with flowers above and below.

To the left of the title is a drawing of a ship labeled “The Columbus”

To its right is a flag inscribed “THE 13 UNITED PROVINCES of America”

In the canton of the flag is “Death or Liberty”

To the right of the title is a drawing of a ship labeled “The Cabot”

A large “PC” is at the bottom right.

 

Text:

Addition is putting together two or more numbers or sums, so as their total value may be discovered or known.

 

Yards                          Gallons                        Pounds                                    Barrels

38456                          483649                        7654321                      875634123

67384                          708542                        1234567                      284310760

74685                          284763                        7898741                      743284321

30847                          618432                        3068452                      618476942

54365                          375847                        7184768                      403284321

78329                          612935                        9231387                      168196192

344066                        3084168                    36272236                    3093786659

 

This is followed by four more columns of eight numbers for addition, labeled with the same measures.

 


 

PC  Page 4

 

Questions to exercise Addition.

 

The title is in caps and lower case script, with the “Q” decorated.

Flowers decorate the bottom of the page.  There is no border.

 

Four examples follow:

 

Between London and Royston are 33 miles; from thence to Cambridge 10; thence to New-Market 10; thence to Bury 10; thence to Thetford 10; thence to Attleborough 10; & from thence to Norwich 12 miles.  I Demand how many miles there are between London and Norwich?  Answer 95 Miles.

 

Suppose a farmer kills 8 hogs weighing as follows, viz:

400,  95,  244,  200,  86,  133,  110,  300

How many pounds did they all weigh?  Answer 1568 lbs.

 

Suppose I sell Corn to the following Persons:

                                                            Bushels

To        William Want                          8 ½

            Samuel Surepay                      6

            Thomas Tub                            3                      The Quire is how many                                   Peter Piggin                                ½                  Bushels I have sold in all?

            Philip Pail                                1 ½

            Benj’n Bagg                            3 ½

            Willis Wallet                           1

            Humphrey House                    24

            Benjamin Barn                        87

            Charles Cribb                          32

                                    Answer          167 Bushels

           

The Ship Leopard from the East Indies with the following Cargo, viz:

In Diamonds               £36842                        Callicoes          9832

Chintz                           11896                        Pepper             8326

Muzlins                           8128                        Other Spices    6832

 

The Amount of sd. Cargo is---  £81856


PC  Page 5

 

Addition of Money.

 

Artwork:

“March 15th day 1776” is incorporated into “M” of “Money”

The title is in script with a flower for the period following “Money”

Large flourishes decorate the page in various places.

 

Text:

Note that 4 farthings make 1 Penny, 12 Pence 1 Shilling, and 20 Shillings 1 Pound.

 

A Table of Pence

A table of 20 to 120 pence converted to shillings and pence

 

A Table of Shillings

A table of 20 to 120 Shillings converted to pounds and shillings

 

Three columns of Pounds, Shillings and Pence to be added, with answers

 

    £      s     d

7632..13..10 ¾                        Two other examples.

2375..  8..  6 ½

6189..14..11 ¾

3728..  9 .. 4 ½

1674..17..  2 ½

8137..  8..11 ½

29738..12..10 ¾                      7774..17..7 ¼              342..12..4 ¾


 

PC  Page 6

 

Addition of Money, continued.

 

Artwork:

The title is in script with an elaborate “A,” and it has flourishes above it and decorative underlining below. 

There is a triple line border around the examples but not around the page.

 

 

Five more columns of Pounds, Shillings, and Pence to be added, with answers.

Top 3 examples with 6 numbers; bottom 2 examples with 10 numbers.

Answers:         27939..16        335940..13..10            1021..2..3

 

                        49979..16                                            1772..0..5 ¾

 

 

In the center of the page:

 

The Form of a Bill of Parcels

Windsor, March 15, 1776

Mr. A. B.  Bought   Miss C. D. & Comp’y

7 yds Linen                 @ 4s                £1.8

3 Gall. W. I. Rum       8/                     £1.4

2 yds B’d Cloth          35/                   £3.10

6 Quires Paper             2/8                       .16

2 Papers Pins               ¾                           .6.8

6 lbs. Powder              4/6                   £1.7

1 Saddle & Bridle       90/                   £4.10

1 Penknife                   2/4                          .2.4

½ yd Cambrick           18/                          .9

                                                            £13.13

                                                Errors Excepted

                                                per  C. D. & Comp’y

 

 


 

PC  Page 7

 

Substraction.

 

Artwork:

The title is in script with flowers and leaves above it.  Flourishes cross the bottom of the page.

 

Text:

Substraction is the taking a lesser sum or number out of a greater, thereby to find the remainder.

 

 

Three columns of 6 subtraction examples, with answers and proofs by addition.

Answers:         4569304          46154198        273645547      95760406

                        3813593          8460602          464640658      224766258

                        2676861          2716691          9399103

                        1755476          18639892        516154763     

                        5650787          20918525        19377809

                        4365278          11585315        20558882

 

One column of 2 subtraction examples, followed by 4 more using historical events whose dates are subtracted from the current year of 1776, such as

 

                                                            From                1776    the present year

                                                            Take                1588    the Spanish Invasion

                                                            Remains            188    years since

                        Each with                    Proof               1776    the present year

 

                                                            From                1776    the present year

                                                            Take                1605    the Gunpowder treason

                                                            Remains            171    years since

 

                                                            From                1776    the present year

                                                            Take                1666    the Fire of London

                                                            Remains            110    years since

 

                                                            From                1776    the present year

                                                            Take                1755    Earthquake at Lisbon

                                                            Remains              21    years since

 


 

PC  Page 8

 

Substraction of Money.

 

Artwork:

The title is in caps and lower case and small in size.  It is enclosed in a rectangle border with leaves and flowers.

There is a three line border at the bottom of the page.

 

Text:

Ten examples of subtraction of Pounds, Shillings, and Pence

Answers:         £2538..16..4 ¾            £157..3..7       

                        £1562..15..4 ½            £224..15..7     

                        £4278..14..4 ½            £137..0..10

                        £  350..17..8 ½            £217..13..11

                        £1241..13..9

                        £2438..15..5 ¾

 

Four examples of money borrowed and partially repaid, in Pounds, Shillings, and Pence

Borrowed        £984..12..6 ½

Paid                   869..16..11 ¾

Rem. Due        £114..16..6 ¾

 

One Example of a large sum borrowed and several partial payments made, with a sum of the payments made and the remainder due.

Borrowed        £684..17..10

                        ( 125  10..  0

                         (  72..17..  6

Paid at times   (  80..  0 .. 0

                         (120..12..  8

                         (   68..  3..11

Paid in all        £467..  4..  1

Remains due   £217..13..  9

Proof               £684..17..10

PC  Page 9

 

 

Multiplication.

 

Artwork:

The title is in calligraphic script and is highly decorated with vines, leaves, and flowers.

 An ornate “Peggey Clayton” is at the bottom of the page.

This page has a plain shaded border.

 

(A table with numbers 1 to 12 across the top and 1 to 12 down the left side,

forming the product of the corresponding numbers when they are multiplied)

 

 

                                                THE TABLE

 

1          2          3          4          5          6          7          8          9          10        11        12

2          4          6          8          10        12        14        16        18        20        22        24

3          6          9          12        15        18        21        24        27        30        33        36

4          8          12        16        20        24        28        32        36        40        44        48

5          10        15        20        25        30        35        40        45        50        55        60

6          12        18        24        30        36        42        48        54        60        66        72

7          14        21        28        35        42        49        56        63        70        77        84

8          16        24        32        40        48        56        64        72        80        88        96

9          18        27        36        45        54        63        72        81        90        99        108

10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80        90        100      110      120

11        22        33        44        55        66        77        88        99        110      121      132

12        24        36        48        60        72        84        96        108      120      132      144

 

An ornate “PEGGEY  Clayton”  is inscribed at the bottom of the page 

 

 


 

PC  Page 10

Page 10 (reverse of Page 9) is blank

PC  Page 11

 

 

Multiplication.

Artwork:

To the left of the title is a drawing of a two-masted ship “The Schooner Peggey”

To the right of the title is a drawing of a three story house with two chimneys

·         Windows are 2 on bottom floor, 3 on second, 1 on third; roof is pointed

·         Smoke comes from the right chimney

·         A large tree is to the left of the house

Extending from the “l” in “Multiplication” is a flag.  The title, which is printed in caps and lower case, is surrounded by flowers, leaves, and vines.  Flourishes cross the bottom of the page.

The work has a double line border.

 

There follow 13 examples of multiplication, starting with 5 digit multiplicands and multipliers of 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.  The script varies in style among the examples, a penmanship sample.

 

Multiplicand    87492              260453            913684            8473695

Multiplier                2                        3                      4                        5

Product           174984            781359            3654736          42368475

 

Followed by 10 and 12 digit multiplicands multiplied by 11 and 12

 

Multiplicand                9486531274

Multiplier                                     11

Product                       104351844014

 

Followed by examples with multipliers of 3 digits

 

Multiplicand                682                  597                  4698

Multiplier                      95                    38                    372    (work not copied)

Product                   64790              22686            1747656


 

PC  Page 12

 

Multiplication.

Artwork

A small house is located just to the left of the letter “M” in Multiplication

Flourishes, flowers, and vines surround the title; the title has decorative underlining.

At the bottom the letters ABCDEFG are drawn in ornate script

 

Six examples with progressively larger numbers for both multiplicands and multipliers

 

Multiplicand                56347              The Proof by the Cross           \ 2 /

Multiplier                      6749                                                              7 \/ 8

Product               380285903                                                                /2\

 

(Note)

The book does not explain what the “Proof  by the Cross” is, but it is given for each example.  The top and bottom numbers are equal to each other in every instance.  The left and right numbers may or may not be the same.

 

Multiplicand                98760                                    6

Multiplier                      3890                               3  ) ( 2

Product               384176400                                    6

 

 

                                                                                               

 

                                                                   April 3, 1776

PC  Page 13

 

Multiplication of Money

 

Artwork:

April 2, 1776

The head of a man smoking a pipe appears to the left of “Money” A heart colored light blue.

Flowers and flourishes surround the title, and there is decorative overlining above the first two words.  There is a 3 line border at the bottom of this page.

 

Text:

Multiplication of Money hath great affinity with Addition of Money the same method being taken in carrying from one denomination to the next, viz, from farthings to pence, from pence to shillings, from shillings to pounds & as in Addition & other Multiplications you begin at the right hand and proceed towards the left so here you begin at the least denomination which is also at the right hand.  This method of accompting (sic)is the most apt and expeditious of all others for small quantities and therefore extreemly (sic)  necessary in making bills of Parcels &c, and is beyond all contradiction as sure and certain as any way whatsoever.

The General Rule,

Is always to multiply the Price by the Quantity.  The first step of advance is from 2 to 12 & this is done by one multiplier as in the Following Examples.

 

What comes 2 yards of Broadcloth to, at £2.17s.8d?  Answer £5.15s.4d

What comes 3 lbs. of Chocolate to, at 2s.2 ½d?  Answer 6s.71/2d

What comes 4 yards of Linen to, at 4s.6 1/2d?  Answer 18s.2d

What Comes 5 Bushels of Pease to, at 3s.4d?  Answer 16s.8d

What comes 6 lbs. of loaf sugar to, at 1s.10 ¼d?  Answer 11s.1 ½d

What comes 7 Barrels of Pork to, at 3s.10d?  Answer £2.4s.10d

What comes 8 yards of Ribband to, at 2s.8 ½d?  Answer £1.1s.4d

What comes 9 lbs. of Powder to, at 3s.6d?  Answer £1.11s.6d

What comes 10 bushels of Salt to, at 4s.10d?  Answer £2.8s.4d

What comes 11 Gall. Of Wine to, at 10s.6d?  Answer £5.15s.6d

What comes 12 Galls. of Brandy to, at 6s.8d?  Answer £4.0s.0d

What comes 12 Gall. Of West India Rum to, at 8s.8d?  Answer 5.4s.0d

 


 

PC  Page 14

 

Multiplication of money.

 

Artwork:

The title is in caps and lower case script.  Flourishes underline the title.

There is a 2 line border at the bottom of this page.

 

Text:

The next degree or step of advance in this way of reckoning is of quantities exceeding 12 even to 12 times 12 or 144; in all examples under this head we are to pitch on two numbers for multipliers in the table; which multiplied together make the quantity proposed; and then we are to multiply the price by one of the numbers (it matters not by which first) & then that product is to be multiplied by the other number, & the second or last product is the Answer.

 

What comes 18 yds. of  Linen to, at 4s.6 ½d? 

First multiply by 3 and then the product by 6.  Answer £4.1s.9d

 

What Comes 24 lbs. of Raisins to, at .8 ½d? 

First multiply by 4 and then the product by 6.  Answer 17s.

 

What Comes 30 lbs. of Coffee to, at 1s.8d?  Answer £2.10s.0d

 

What Comes 12 Ells of Canvas to, at 3s.4d?  Answer £7.0s.0d

 

What comes 55 Yards of Ribbands to, at 1s.6d?  Ans. £.2s.6d

 

What Comes 56 pair of Shoes to, at 12s.6d?  Ans. £35.0s.0d

 

What Comes 64 lbs. of Hyson Tea to, at £1.12s.6d? Ans. £104.0s.0d

 

What Comes 70 Yards of Cambrick to, at £1.1.s4d?  Ans. £74.18s.4d

 

 


 

PC  Page 15

 

Multiplication of Money.

 

Artwork:

The title is written in calligraphic caps and lower case printing.  A few flowers decorate the title area.  A double line border is at the top and bottom.

 

 

Text:

What comes 84 yards of Hollond to at 10s.6d?  Answer  £44.2s.0d

 

What comes 90 Bushels of Pease to at 3s.4d per?  Ans.  £15.0s.0d

 

What comes 96 Gallons of Brandy to at 6s.8d?  Ans.  £32.0s.0d

 

What comes 100 pair of Stockings to at 9s.4d?  Ans.  £46.13s.4d

 

What comes 108 pounds of Bohea Tea to at 6s.8d?  Ans. £36.0s.0d

 

What comes 110 lbs. of loaf sugar to, at 1s.10 1/2d per? Ans. £10.6s.3d

 

What comes 121 Gall’s of Molasses to at 2s.6d?  Ans. £15.2s.6d

 

What comes 132 pair of Buckles to at 2s.4d?  Ans.  £15.8s.0d

 

What comes 144 Gall’s of Wine to at 12s.6d?  Ans.  £90.0s.0d

 

What comes 120 lbs. of brown Sugar to @ 10s?  Ans.  £5.0s.0d

 

What comes 144 Ells of Hollond to at 6s.11d?  Ans.  £49.16s.0d

 

What comes 144 yards of Calamanco to @ 5s.6d?  Ans. £39.12s.0d

 

 


 

PC  Page 16

 

Multiplication of Money.

Artwork:

The title is written in leftward leaning script, with a few flowers and leaves surrounding it.

Decorative flourishes cross the bottom of the page.

This page has no border.

 

Text:

The next gradation of advance is of irregular quantities, or of numbers that are not to be answered precisely at two multiplications; in this case there ariseth no increase of difficulty but it is as easy as the examples foregoing; only here you will have a line more occasioned by the multiplying the price by what is objective or wanting, to make up the proposed quantity complete, as it may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 &c, as may be seen in the Following Examples.

What comes 17 Gallons if Cyder to, at 1s.2d per?     Answer 19s.10d

What comes 38 Barrels of Pitch to, at 8s.4d per?       Ans.  £15.16s.8d

What comes 59 Barrels of Pork to, at £3.10s per?      Ans.  £206.10s

What comes 26 Barrels of Tar to, at 7s.6d per?          Ans. £9.15s.0d

What comes 47 Barrels of Corn to, at 13s.4d per?     Ans. £31.6s.8d

What comes 69 Gall’s of Cyder to, at 1s.1d per?       Ans. £3.14s.9d

 


 

PC  Page 17

 

Multiplication of Money.

 

Artwork:

Left of the title is a drawing of a 3 story house with chimneys on both sides, labeled “Domus

Right of title is a drawing of a ship labeled “The WILKS, Privateer”

Multiplication is in caps while “of” is printed and “Money” is in script.  A few flowers are present.

At the bottom of the page is “L or D” (Liberty or Death) with the “or” inside a heart.

This page has a shaded border.

 

Text/Examples:

What comes 79 lbs. of Candles to, at 1s.4d?              Ans. £5s.5s.4d

 

What comes 94 Bbls. of Turpentine to, at 13s.4d?     Answer  £63.13s.4d

 

What comes 138 Bush’ls of Potatoes to, at 1s.8d?    Ans.  £11.10s.0d

 

What comes 83 pounds of Snuff to, at 10 ¾d?          Ans. £3.14s.4 ¼d

What comes 105 Bbls. of Beef to, at £2.10s per?      Ans. £262.10s.0d

What comes 156 Bushels of Wheat to, at 4s.9d?       Answer  £37.1s.0d


 

PC  Page 18   

 

Multiplication of Money.

 

Artwork:

The title is in decorative script surrounded by flourishes.

Flourishes are at the page bottom.  The page is dated April 16, 1776.

There is no border to this page.

 

Text:

If there be any fractional part annexed to the given number of yards, gallons, pounds, &c as ¼, ½, or ¾; if ¼ take a fourth of the price of 1 yard &c – if ½ take half, but if ¾ first take ½ the price of 1 yard &c, & then half that half and add both together will give the value of ¾.

 

What Comes 6 ¼  Yards of Lawn to, at 10s 8d? Ans. £5.16s.8d

What Comes 8 ½  Yards of Linen to, at 4s 91/2d?  Ans. £2.0s.8 3/4 d

What Comes 9 3/4 Gall. of W. I. Rum to, @ 8s 4d? Ans. £4.1s.3d

What comes 12 ¼ Yards of Hollond to @ 9s 8d? Ans.  £5.18s.5d

What Comes 16 ½ Gall of N. E. Rum to, at 5s 4d? Ans. £4.8s.0d

What Comes 36 ½ lbs. of Chocolate to, at 2s 8d? Ans. £4.17s.4d

 

 

                                                                                    Thursday Evening

                                                                                    the 10th of

                                                                                    April

                                                                                    1776

 

 

 

 

PC  Page 19

Cross Multiplication

Artwork:

Carolina (contained in capital “C” of “Cross”

Two small houses and a ship within the “C” of “Cross”

L or D (Liberty or Death) contained in drawing of flag

A 26 stripe flag labeled “The American Standard”

In Liberty’s glorious cause Montgomery (in capital “M” of “Multiplication”) fell at Quebec 1775

Flowers and leaves are incorporated into the title.

In the title “-tion” is interlined above because the lettering was too wide for the page. 

 

Text:

Cross Multiplication is the multiplying Feet and Inches together, without reducing them into Inches, and this is useful in measuring all kinds of Superficies and Solids, as plank, flooring, plastering, glass, timber, stone &c.

 

Rule

Feet multiplied by feet gives square feet, feet by inches or inches by feet the twelfth part of a foot, & inches by inches the twelfth part of an inch.

 

Suppose a Plank be 17 feet 6 inches long and 1 foot 8 inches wide; how many square feet doth it contain?  Answer 29 feet 2 inches

Admit a Table to be 12 feet 4 inches long & 3 feet 11 inches wide; how many square Feet doth it contain?  Answer 48  -  3  -  8 parts

In 6 Planks each 14 feet 10 inches long & 1 foot 7 inches wide; how many Sq. Feet?  Answer  140  -  11

In 12 Planks each 16 feet 9 inches long & 1 foot 6 inches wide, how many Square feet?  Answer  301  -  6


 

PC  Page 20

 

Cross Multiplication.

Artwork:

The title is in flowing script with the C and M decorated.

Flourishes cross the bottom of the page.

There is no border for this page.

 

 

 

Text:

In 36 Planks each 18 feet 9 inches long and 1 Foot 3 inches wide, how many Square Feet?  Answer  843  -  9

In 84 Planks each 19 feet 4 inches long and 1 foot 4 inches wide, how many Square Feet?  Answer  2165  -  4

In 50 planks each 18 feet 10 inches long and 6 inches and ½ wide, how many Square Feet?  Answer  510  -  10

In 100 planks each  16 feet 3 inches long and 1 foot 9 inches wide, how many Square Feet?  Answer  2843  -  9


 

PC  Page 21

 

Cross Multiplication.

Artwork:

“Cambridge, the head Quarters of the American Army” incorporated into the “C” in “Cross”

The title is in script with the C and M decorated.  “-tion” in interlined above because of faulty space planning.

There is a shaded border at the top and a four line border at the bottom.

 

Text:

In 156 Planks each 16 feet 3 inches long & 1 Foot 9 inches wide, how many sq. feet?  Answer  4436  - 3

 

Admit a piece of Timber to be 19 feet 4 inches long 3 feet 6 inches wide, & 1 foot 3 inches deep I demand the content in square feet.  Ans.  84  -  7

 

Multiply 2s.6d by 2s.6d                      Answer  6s.3d

 

Multiply 8s.3d by 1s.4d                      Answer 11s.0d


 

PC  Page 22

Cross Multiplication.

Artwork:

The Gallant Colonel Caswell (contained in the capital “C” of “Cross”) defeated the Sordid Tories in North Carolina 1776

General McLeod a noted Tory was kill’d by Colonel Caswell’s Soldiers (a just reward for such a pirate) & Brigadier General McDonald taken Prisoner

Tom Mcnight Thro’ Cowardice stays close under the Protection of the English men of war    O the Tory   the Tory

The title is in elaborate script with the C and M highly decorated.

Flourished cross the bottom of the page.

                                                                                                            April the 17th 1776

 

 

Text:

In 144 Planks each 14 feet 8 inches long, & 1 foot 3 inches wide: how many Square Feet?  Answer 2640 feet

 

In 155 Planks each 19 feet 10 inches wide; how many Square Feet? 

Answer  4355  -  10

 

Multiply 1s.8d by 1s.3d                      Answer 2s.1d

 

Multiply 4 Sh. 3D by 2Sh. 8 D                       Answer  11s.4d

 


 

PC  Page 23

 

DIVISION.

 

Artwork:

In utter detestation Let the wicked Tyrant Dunmore’s Name be handed down to the latest posterity by every well wisher to Liberty (contained in the capital “D” of “Division).

 

Norfolk in Virginia (contained in the capital “V” in “Division”) burnt by the grand negro chief Dunmore 1776

 

The valiant Soldiers (contained in the capital “S” of “Division”) of America

 

O (contained in the capital “O” of “Division”) let us praise the LORD for it is He that fights for us.

The title is in all caps with each letter decorated differently.  Flowers add to the title decoration.

A shaded border surrounds the work

 

Text:

Division teacheth to divide any given sum or number into as many equal parts as you please, or it shews how often or how many times a lesser number is contained in a greater…

This Rule is comprehended under three certain branches, & one uncertain, viz:

1.  The Dividend, or number given to be divided.

2.  The Divisor, or number given to divide by.

3.  The Quotient, or number of equal parts shewing how often the Divisor is contain’d in the         Dividend.

4.  The Remainder, after the work is ended which is always of the same name or quality with the Dividend, and must be less than the Divisor, if the work be right, and this is the uncertain             branch, because there is sometimes a Remainder & sometimes not.

 

12 examples of division follow, with divisors progressing from 2 to 12.

 

Divisor            Dividend         Rem.

      2  )             3406947    (       1

                        1703473   Quotient

PC  Page 24

 

Division.

 

Artwork:

A striped flag and a flower are incorporated into the “D” in “Division.”

The title is in script with little decoration.  Two flourishes are at the page bottom.

There is no border to this page.

Page is dated Thursday, Ap’l 18, 1776

 

Text:

4 increasingly difficult division problems, with work fully shown

 

68468492 / 38             Quotient 1801802, remainder 16

 

684763456 / 487         Quotient  1406085, remainder 61

 

90824365 / 87             Quotient  1043958, remainder 19

 

928123456 / 876         Quotient  1059501, rem. 580

 

 


 

PC  Page 25

 

Division.

 

Artwork:

The title is in script with a highly decorated “D,” with flowers, flourishes and decorative underlining.  Flourishes cross the bottom of the page.

This page has no border.

 

Text:

4 examples of Division problems

 

1849618947298 / 3609                       Quotient  512501786, remainder 1624

 

63816844 / 63200                               Quotient  1009, remainder 48044

 

993087563412 / 9681                         Quotient  102581093, remainder 2079

 

116126926 / 12340                             Quotient  9410, remainder 7526

 

Each with proof by addition

PC  Page 26

 

Division of Money.

 

Artwork:

The title is in script and is underlined.  Flourished cross the bottom of the page.

This page has no border.

 

 

Examples:

If 6 Gallons of Molasses cost 16s.6d, what is that per Gallon?         Answer 2s.9d

 

Divide 1s equally among 5 men.         Answer  2 ¼d

 

If 16 Barrels of Corn cost £10.13s.4d what is that per Barrel?          Answer  13s.4d

 

If 108 Yards of Linen cost £24. 6s what is that per Yard?    Answer  4s.6d

 

Divide £7333.11s.3d equally among 110 Men.          Answer £66.13s.4 ½d

 

If 12 Gallons of Alicant Wine cost £3.12s, what’s the price of 1 Gallon?                 Ans.  6s

 

Divide £6.10s.6d equally among 7 men.        Answer 12s.7 ½d

 

If 100 Barrels of Pitch cost £40, what is that per Barrel?      Answer  8s

 

If 144 lbs. of Bacon Comes to £3.12s, what is that per lb.? Answer  6d per lb.

 

Divide £1000 equally between 144 men.       Answer  £6.18s.10 ½d

 


 

PC  Page 27

 

Reduction.

 

 

Artwork:

A drawing of The Brig Charming Peggey is incorporated into “R” of “Reduction”

The title is in highly decorated printing, with the R especially ornate.  This style is used for R’s and P’s in other parts of the book.

Decorative overlining and underlining is present.

Flourishes flank the text. 

There is no border for this page.

 

 

Text:

Reduction is an application of Multiplication and Division shewing how to reduce Numbers of one Denomination to another thereby discovering the same value tho’ in different Terms.

1st.       All great Names are brought into small by Multiplication

2d        All small Names are brought into greater by  Division

The sense meaning & use of Reduction is expressed in the Following Verses:

            Reduction shews how we of Name in use;

            May great to small and small to great reduce;

            So that the Answer which shall thence arise;

            The given sum in value equalize;

            Multiply or Divide it back you must;

            Which makes again your given Number just.

 

In £72 how many farthings?                           Answer  69120 farthings

 

In 69120 farthings how many Pounds?          Answer  72 £

 

In 312.17.9 how many half-pence?                Answer  150106

 

In 150106 half-pence, how many £ &c?         Answer  £312.17s.9d

 

 

           


 

PC  Page 28

Artwork:

This page has no title and is a continuation of Reduction.

There is no decoration.  A double line is the bottom border.

 

Text:

In £234.10s.d8 how many pieces of 4d, 6d, 8d, & 10d of each an equal number?     Answer  2014 pieces of each & 4d left.

 

In 40 Groats & 90 Pence and Pounds in number ten,

The pence & farthings there contained I ask it from thy Pen?

            40 Groats each 4d                   0..13..4

            90 pence                                  0..  7..6

            Pounds                                              10..  0..0

                                                          11..  0.10           x 20     x 12

Answer  2650 Pence and 10600 Farthings

 

If I had Nobles 30 Score and marks just 32,

In part of Thirteen Hundred Pounds,

What money rests still due?

(a Noble 6s/8d; a mark 13s/4d)

Answer            £1078.13s.4d

 

In 1984 Dollars each 4/6 Sterling I demand how many Guineas each 21/4?

Answer            425 Guineas & 3/ remaining

 

= signifies equal to

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PC  Page 29

 

Reduction of Troy Weight.

 

Artwork:

The title in in caps and lower case script, with ornate capitals. 

A shaded top border is the only border.  A triple line border separates the Note from the examples.

 

Text:

Note that 24 Grains make 1 pennywt, 20 pennywts 1 ounce, & 12 oz. 1 pound troy

 

 

In 287 lbs. , 11 oz., 13 pwt., 19 Grains, how many Grains?

Answer            1658731 Grains

 

In 1658731 Grains, how many lbs., oz., pwts., & Grains?

Ans.     287.11.13.19

 

A Gentleman sent to a Silversmith 16 ingots of silver each wt. 2lb. 6 oz., and ordered it to be made into bowls of 2 lbs. 2 oz. each, Tankards of 2 lbs. each, Spoons of 8 oz. 10 pwt. each; I demand how many of each sort it made?

Answer            8 of each sort and 240 pennywt rem’g.

 

In 487 lbs. 3 ½ oz. Silver, how many Silver snuff boxes each weighing 3 oz ½  may be made?

Answer            1670 Snuff boxes & 2 ½ oz. Rem’g.

 

This page has a section that says         Hundreds                    Qrs & lbs.

                                                                             (Mistake)

            But gives no hint of what the mistake is.
         
PC  Page 30

 

Reduction of Avoirdupoise Wt.

Artwork:

The title is in script and is decorated with flourishes.

This page has no borders.

 

 

Text:

Note that 16 drams make 1 ounce; 16 oz. 1 pound; 28 lbs. 1 quarter of a hundwt.; 4 qtrs 1 Cwt.; & 20 Cwt 1 Tun.

 

In 483 Tuns, 14 Cwt., 2 qtrs., 26 lbs., 14 oz., 15 drams, how many Drams?

x 20 for hundreds, x 4 for Quarters, x28 for pounds, x16 for ounces, x 16 for drams

Answer            277394159 Drams

 

In 277394159 Drams, how many Tuns, Cwt., Qtrs., lbs., oz., & Drams?

Answer            483 Tuns, 14 Cwt., 2 qtr., 26 lbs., 14 oz., 15 drams.

 

Hundreds, Quarters, & Pounds may be reduced into pounds thus, viz:

32Tuns, 2 qtrs., 14 lbs.  = 3654 lbs.

 


 


PC  Page 31

 

Reduction of Liquid Meas’r.

 

Artwork:

The title is in script with an elaborate R and flourishes above.

There is no border to this page.

 

Text:

In 36 Hhead 18 Gall. of Wine, how many Pints?

63 Gallons = 1 Hogshead                   8 pints = 1 Gallon

            36 x 63 = 2268 x 8 = 18144; 18 x 8 = 144

Ans.     18288 Pints

 

In 18288 Pints of Wine how many Hheads & Gallons?

Answer 36 Hhead 18 Gallons

 

In 30 barrels of good beer,

By People called stout,

How many Quarts may thence be drawn,

Before that they are out?

36 Gallons in 1 Barrel 4 Quarts in 1 Gallon

Ans.     4320 Quarts

 

In 432 Quarts of Beer, how many barrels?

Ans.     30 Barrels

 

In 487 Hhead, 47 Gallons of Ale I Demand how many half pints?

48 Gallons in 1 Hhead                        8 Pints in 1 Gallon                  2 half Pints in 1 Pint

Answer            374768 half Pints

 

In 3748768 half pints, how many Hogsheads and Gallons?

Answer            487 Hhead  47 Gallons

 

 

 


 

PC  Page 32

 

Reduction of Liquid Meas’r.

Artwork:

The title is in script similar to page 31, with elaborated capital letters.

Flourishes cross the bottom of the page.

 

Text:

In 20 Butts & 40 Pipes

And 30 Tuns of Wine;

How many Hogsheads do they make,

Admit they came from Rhine?

            20 Butts  + 40 Pipes = 60 Butts or Pipes                    4 Hhds in 1 Tun

            126 gallons in 1 Pipe or Butt                                      30 Tuns = 120 Hhds

            7560 gallons in 60 Butts or Pipes                               63 gallons per Hhd

                                                                                                120 Hhds = 7560 gals

            7560 + 7560 = 15120 /  63 = 240

            Answer 240 Hheads

 

In 483 Tuns, 3 Hhds., 2 Gallons, 7 Pints of Wine, I demand how many Pints?

Answer  975263 Pints

 

In 86 Puncheons of Wine, how many half Pints?

Ans. 115584 half Pints

 

In 115584 half Pints of Wine, how many Puncheons?

Answer  86 Puncheons

 

In 975263 Pints of Wine how many Tuns, Hhds., Gals. & Pints?

Ans.  483 Tuns, 3Hhds., 2 Gals., 7 Pints

 

 

 


 

PC  Page 33

 

Reduction of Cloth Meas’r.

Artwork:

The title is in script similar to the previous 2 pages.

The page has a triple line border at the bottom.

 

Text:

5 Quarters = 1 Ell English       (Note: Quarter refers to a quarter of a yard)

3 Quarters = 1 Ell Flemish

6 Qrs  = 1 French Ell

 

In 379 Yards, 2 Qrs, 3 Nails, how many Nails?

Ans. 6075 Nails

 

In 46075 Nails, how many Yds., Qrs., & Nails?

Ans.     379.2.3

 

In 50 score of Flemish Ells

How many Ells of French,

Twas given by a Prodigal,

Unto a Saucy wench?

Answer  500 French Ells

 

In 500 French Ells, how many Ells Flemish?

Answer            1000 Ells Flemish

 

In 487 Ells English, how many French Ells?

Ans. 405          5qr

 

In 405 French Ells 5 Qrs, how many Ells English?

Ans. 487 Ells English

 

In 308 Flemish Ells, how many Ells English?

Ans.     184 Ells English          11 Quarters

 

In 184 Ells English 2 Qrs, how many Ells Flemish?

Ans. 308 Ells Flemish

 

PC  Page 34

 

Reduction of Long

Measure

 

Artwork:

The title reflects a planning fault.  It is in script similar to the preceding several pages.

This page has no border.

 

Text:

The Circumference of the Earth is divided into 360 Degrees & each degree upon the Superficies of the Earth is 60 miles, I demand how many Miles, Furlongs, Poles, Yards, Feet, Inches, and Barley Corns will reach round the whole world?

 

Note that 3 barley corns make 1 inch, 12 Inches 1 Foot, 3 Feet 1 Yard, 5 ½ Yards or 11 half Yards 1 Pole perch or Rod, 40 Rods 1 Furlong, 8 Furlongs 1 Mile, 60 Miles 1 Degree, & 360 Degrees the Circumference of the Earth and Sea called the Terrestrial Globe.  N. B. From the Latin words Terra Land & Aqua water, the earth is called the Terrestrial Globe.

 

Answer            21600 miles, 172800 Furlongs, 6912000 Poles, 76032000 half Yards, 38016000 Yards, 114048000 Feet, 1368576000 inches, 4105728000 barley corns.

 

In 4105728000 Barley  (corns), I demand how many Degrees?

Answer 360 Degrees

 

In 47 Degrees, 16 Leagues, 2 Miles, I demand how many Miles?

 

                        47 Degrees. 16 Leagues. 2 Miles

                        20

                        956  Leagues

                            3

            Ans’r   2870 miles

 

 

May 9, 1776

 


 

PC  Page 35

 

Reduction of TIME

 

Artwork:

The title, which is part script and part all caps, is enhanced with many flowers. 

A plain shaded border, similar to those in E. Ryan’s book, surrounds the page.

 

This page is dated May 10, 1776

 

Text:

I  Desire to know how many minutes since the birth of our Savior Jesus Christ it being reckon’d 1775 years since & 4 months & 16 days, allowing 365 Days & 6 Hours to the year?     

May 10, 1776

1775 x 365 = 647875 days + 137 days thus far in 1776 = 648012 days

648012 x 24 = 15552288 + 10650 for 6 hours per year = 15562938 hours

15562938 x 60 = 933776280

Ans.     933776280 minutes

 

 

 

In 933776280 Minutes, how Many years?

            (process performed in reverse by division)

 

Ans. 1775 Years, 137 Days

 

 

 


 

PC  Page 36

 

 

Artwork:

A large drawing of the Brig Two Sisters, Capt. Isaac Smith

A large drawing of the Brig dismasted and sinking below the surface of the water

A plan shaded border surrounds this page.

 

Text:

They that go down to the sea in ships, that do business in great waters

These are the works of the Lord, and his wonders in the deep.  Psalm 107. 23 & 24.

 

Oh that men would praise the Lord for his goodness, and for his wonderful works to the children of men.

 

The Brig Two Sisters, Cap’t. Isaac Smith,

Sail’d from Ferryland in Newfoundland, bound to Boston in New England.

But meeting with a violent gale of wind was cast away; 

The vessel entirely lost but by God’s mercy the people saved.

 

The raging waves swell’d mountains high

The danger great & death seemed nigh

But God in mercy heard us plead

And succor sent in time of need.

 

Ah! Hapless Brig, what now avails?

Thy tow’ring masts, thy lofty sails; The sand became thy fatal tomb;

But buries no one in thy womb.

                                                                                                I. S. G. Seaman

                                                                                                On board s’d Brig

                                                                                                Cast away Oct. 1767

 


 

PC  Page 37

 

 

The Golden Rule or Rule of Three Direct.

 

Artwork:

·         Small drawing of the Sloop Peggy (sic) Clayton in the “R” of “Rule”

·         At the bottom left, a flag with 13 colored stripes and a shaded “X” in the canton with the inscription “Liberty or Death”

·         A drawing of a 2 story house with 3 windows on the second story, and 2 chimneys with smoke rising from each.

 

 

Highly decorative treatment of the title, covering the entire page

Parts are in all caps, parts are in calligraphic script, flowers abound.

The border is shaded and double width at the top and triple width on the other 3 sides.

 

THE GOLDEN

Rule    or

Rule    of

THREE

Direct

PC  Page 38

 

Artwork:

·         A large detailed drawing of the frigate Liberty flying the flag with 7 colored stripes  (13 total) and “x” in the canton

·         The legend “Liberty or Death” appears to the left and right of the ship

·         The page is dated May the 21st, 1776

·         There is no border on this page.

 

The Liberty frigate                  22 guns & 150 men

 

1.         Our ship is call’d the Liberty

            She sails in search of those

            Who dare the rights & property

            Of Freemen to oppose.

 

2.         We’ll make our enemies to know                                            Note that this stanza

            Of them we’re not afraid                                                        is identical to one in

            Our sails shall spread to cruise the Seas                                  Martha Ryan’s book

            And to protect our trade.                                                        Page 39 in a different

                                                                                                            poem.

3.         Rouse up, rouse up you jolly tars

            Who scorn the name of slaves

            And never let it once be thought

            That freemen will be slaves.

 

4.         It’s for our wives & children

            Likewise our property

            That we will fight with all our might

            Huzza for Liberty.

 

5.         A Health to every loyal whig

            Who freedom will defend

            I hope in time they all will see

            Despotic laws will end.

 

6.         Defeats to those who do oppose

            Our noble Liberty

            And let such know our song we close

            Success to Liberty.                                                      Finis


PC  Page 39

 

The Rule of Three Direct.

 

Artwork:  The title is in caps and lower case script.  A shaded border is at the top of the page.

 

Text:

It is called the Golden Rule from its excellent Performance in Arithmetic and in other parts of Mathematical Learning.

And it is called the Rule of Three because from three Numbers given proposed or known We find out a fourth Number required or unknown Which bears such proportion to the third as the second Doth to the first Number from Whence also it is called the Rule of Proportion.

            And of this Proportion there are two Sorts one called Direct & the other indirect or reverse.

Direct proportion is when the Second and third numbers are to be multiplied together and their product divided by the first.

Indirect or Reverse proportion is when the first and second numbers are to be multiplied together and their product divided by the third.  In direct proportion the fourth number or Answer to the question contains the third number as often (or as many times) as the second contains the first.  But in indirect proportion the greater the third number is the less is the fourth, and the lesser the third number is the greater is the fourth.

The Stating the Question

The chiefest difficulty that occurs in the Rule of three is the right placing the number or stating the question:  For when that is done, you have nothing more to do, but to multiply & divide, and the work is done.  And to this end, We are to remember, that of the three given numbers, two of them are always of one name , or denomination, and the other number is ever of the same name, with the fourth number or ans’r required and must always be the second or middle number.  And the number that asketh the question, Must still possess the third or last place, And the other number of the same name with the third must be the first number.  For, the first and third numbers must always be of one name, viz., both Money, both weights, both time, or both measure and tho’ they be of one kind Yet if one of them is altered, by reduction, from a higher to a lower name, then the other must be reduced to the same name, for you must particularly note, that if either the first or the third number consist of several denominations, that is of pounds, and shillings; or pounds, shillings, and pence, & farthings; or of tuns, hundreds, quarters, and pounds &c; then must they be reduced to the lowest name mentioned, and if one happens to be of 


 

PC  Page 40

 

The Rule of Three Direct.

 

Artwork:

The title is in flowing script.  Flourishes cross the bottom of the page.  There is no border.

 

Text, continued

Divers denominations and the other but of one name then the number of one name must be reduced as low or into the same name as the other:  to suppose the first number is brought into farthings then the third number, though but pounds, must be brought into farthings also, then you are to multiply the second and third numbers together, When the proportion is direct and divide the product by the first number and the quotient thence arising will be the Answer.

 

If 8 gallons of Brandy cost £2.13s 4d, what will 72 gallons cost at the same rate?                                                               Galls                £    s    d          Galls

                                       8                   2 . 13 . 4            72

                        Multiply by 20 and 12 to get pence

                        Multiply by 72 to get 46080

                        Divide by 8, then divide by 12 and then 20 to get £

                        Answer            £24

 

Short way

If 8 Gal           £2.13.4                        72 Gal /8 = 9

                          X  9

                        £24

 

If 24 £ be paid for 72 Gallons of Brandy, what will 8 Gallons cost at the same rate?                      Answer            £2.13.4

 

Short way

72                    24                    8

                        /  9

                        £2.13.4


 

PC  Page 41

 

The Rule of Three Direct.

 

Artwork:

The title is in flowing script with flourishes above, decoration below, and flowers surrounding it.

This page has no border.

 

Examples:

3)         If 1 Cwt of Sugar cost £3.10 s, what will be the cost of 17 Cwt, 3 qtrs, & 21 lbs. at the same rate?

 

            Answer £62 .15s, 7 ½ d

 

4)         If 17 Cwt, 3 qtrs, 21 lbs. of Sugar costs £62.15 s., 7 ½ d., what will 1 Cwt             cost at the same rate?

 

            Answer  £3.10 s.

 

5)         Nutmegs at 2 1/4 d per ounce, what is that per hundred weight?

 

            Answer £16.16 s.

 

6)         If £16.16 s be paid for 1 Cwt of Nutmegs, what is that per Ounce?

 

            Answer 2 ¼ d

 


 

PC  Page 42

 

The Rule of Three Direct.

 

Artwork:

The title is in flowing script with elaboration on the T and R.

Flourishes cross the bottom of the page, which has no borders.

 

Examples:

7)         If the half of a mark buy the fourth of a pound, How much Hyson tea can I buy for          a crown?

 

            Answer 3 Ounces.

 

8)         Whereas a Noble & a Mark just 16 yards did buy, how many Ells of the same cloth for      fourscore pounds had I?

 

            Answer 1024 Ells English

 

9)         If 20 d and 30 groats buy 20 pints of Wine, what is the cost of 60 quarts in            current english             coin?

 

            Answer   £3.10 s.

 

10)       If 16 yards of English cloth cost 20 pounds in gold, What is the cost of 30             Ells if they       likewise are sold?

 

            Answer   £46 .17s, 6d.

 

11)       If 1 herring and ½ cost 1 ½ d, how many may I buy for 11 d?

 

            Answer   11 herrings

 

12)       If 11 herrings cost 11 d, what must be paid for 1 Herring and ½ at the same rate?

 

            Answer            1 ½ d

 


 

PC  Page 43

 

The Rule of Three Direct.

 

Artwork:

Within the “D” in “Direct” are a flag, “Defiance to despotic laws”, and “L or D”

The title is printed in caps and lower case letters, decorated with flowers.

A shaded border is at the top.  An elaborate flourish is at the bottom left.

Dated May 23d, 1776

Liberty   1776

 

Examples:

13)       Suppose a gentleman’s estate to be £369, what may he expend daily and yet lay up £6      .10s per month?

 

            Answer            15 s, 11 ¼ d

 

14)       Suppose a certain man died indebted to the following people, viz:  to Mr.   Covet 28 £, to             Mr. Squeeze 36 £, and to Mr. Hard 50 £, but the deceased’s estate being worth but 86 £, I       demand what each Creditor’s proportionable part must be in proportion to the sum due to        him?

 

            Answer            Mr. Covet’s part £21. 2s. 5 ¼d

                                    Mr. Squeeze’s part £27. 3s.1 ¾d

                                    Mr. Hard’s part £37.14 s. 4 ½d

 

15)       If I spend 4 shillings in one day, what will it amount to in 1 year?

 

            Answer            73 £

 

16)       If in 1 year I spend 73 £, what is that per day?

 

            Answer            4 s

 

LIBERTY                                                                               MAY

  1776                                                                                      23d

                                                                                                1776

 


                                                                                                          PC  Page 44

 

The Rule of Three Direct.

 

Artwork:

The title is in flowing script.  No border is present.

 

 

Examples:

17)       Suppose the whole freight of a Ship amounts to £764 . 8 s, what must be paid to Mr.         AB for his 4/32 part?

 

            Answer            £95.11s

 

18)       If the 4/32 part of the freight of a Ship amounts to £95 .11s, I demand what the whole      freight will be at the same rate?

 

            Answer            £764 .8s.

 

19)       West India Rum at 6s 8d per gallon, I demand how many Gallons I may buy for £66 .13s.            4d?

 

            Answer            200 gallons

 

20)       Suppose I pay £5 .3s, 4d for a barrel of Molasses, how many Gallons are in the same, the Gallon being valued at 3s 4d?

 

            Answer            31 Gallons

 

21)       Shoes @ 7s/6d per pair, how many Pair may I buy for £37 .10 s?

 

            Answer            100 pair

 

22)       Corn @ 13s/4d per barrel, how many barrels may I buy for £100?

 

            Answer            150 barrels

 


 

PC  Page 45

The Rule of Three Direct.

 

Artwork:

The title is in flowing script decorated with flowers and leaves.

A double line shaded border is at the top and flourishes cross the bottom.

The title is separated from the examples by a shaded border with leaves.

 

Examples:

23)       What’s the commission of £317 .12s. 6d at 2 ½ per cent?

 

            Answer            £7.18s. 9 ¾d

 

24)       What will be the interest of £943 .12 s. 6d @ 6 percent for a year?

 

            Answer            £56 .12s. 4d and 1/5 of a penny

 

25)       A Goldsmith bought a wedge of Gold which weigh’d 14 lbs. 3 oz. 8 pwt for the sum of   £514 .4s, I demand what it stood him in per ounce?

 

            Answer            £3

 

26)       If £3 is to be paid for 1 Ounce of Gold, at the same rate what must be paid            for a wedge of             gold weighing 14 lbs, 3 oz, 8 pwt?

 

            Answer            £514 .4s

 


 

PC  Page 46

The Rule of Three Direct.

 

Artwork:

The title is in flowing script.  Above and below is a shaded border with dashes inside.

A double line border is at the bottom.

 

Examples:

27)       Suppose a Stear weighing 360 lbs. is found dead by a Bear, a Wolf, & a Dog, & that the   Bear could eat it in 12 hours, the Wolf in 24 hours, & the Dog in 36 hours, I demand in            what time they all could eat the sd. Stear?

 

            Answer            6 hours, 32 min, 43 seconds & 7/11 of a second

 

28)       Bought 18 pieces of Irish Linen, each piece containing 25 ½ yards, I gave after the rate    of 1 pound 10 s for 9 yards, I demand what the 18 pieces came to & what 1 Ell English of        the same was worth?

 

            Answer            The 18 pieces came to £76 .10 s, and the price of 1 Ell English is 4s/2d

 

29)       Lawn @ 18/ per yard, how many yards may I buy for £126 .18s?

            Answer            141 yds.

30)       Flax at 1/8 per pound, how many pounds may I buy for £11. 3s, 4d?

            Answer            134 lbs.

 


 

PC  Page 47

The Rule of Three Direct

 

Artwork:

The title is in calligraphic script that is fully vertical in orientation.  It is decorated with flowers.

A shaded border is at the top of the page and flourishes cross the bottom.

 

Examples:

31)       If A owes B £512 .16s.8d, & compounds at 6d in the pound, what must B take for the     debt?

 

            Answer            £448.14 s.7d.

 

32)       Bought a hogshead of N. E. Rum for £25 .17s. 6d, how many gallons were in the same     valuing the gallon at 2s. 6d?

 

            Answer            175 gallons

 

33)       If 15d buys 16 lbs. of bread that’s made of Rye,

            How many loaves of 6 lbs. each for £30 had I?

 

            Answer 1280 loaves

 

34)       If 30 Pints of English Ale doth 90 pence require,

            The value of one Hogshead of you I do desire?

 

            Answer            £4.16s.

 

35)       If 60 pence buy 15 pounds of Cotton in the seed,

            What must you pay for 90 lbs., if you the same should need?

 

            Answer            £1.10s

 

 


 

PC  Page 48

The Rule of Three Direct.

Artwork:

The title is in flowing script decorated by flowers.

The top border consists of three lines, and the title is underlined by 4 lines.

Flourishes cross the bottom of the page.

 

Examples:

36)       Suppose a Merchant bought 16 Packs of Cloth & that every pack had 12 pieces in it, &     every piece 28 yards, what came the 16 packs to, if 1 Ell English be valued at 16s.8d?

 

            Answer            £3584

 

37)       If £3584 buy 5376 Yards of Cloth, what will 1 Ell English cost at the same rate?

 

            Answer            16s, 8d

 

38)       Coffee, at 1s 2 ½ d per lb., what will 26 bags of the same amount to, each bag weighing   38 lbs.?

 

            Answer            £69.19s.8d

 

39)       Fish, at 17s,6d per Quintal I demand how many Quintals may be bought for £70 .17s. 6d?

 

                          S        d                     Quintal                          £          s         d

            If         17        6                            1                70        17        6         

 

            Answer            81 Quintals

 

 

 


 

PC  Page 49

 

 

The Rule of Three Reverse

or of

Indirect Proportion

 

 

 

 

Artwork:                     2 story house with 2 chimneys in use

                                    2 masted schooner, possibly “Liberty”

                                    Man’s head saying “Success to Liberty”

                                    A schooner and 3 unnamed sloops

                                    6 flags with 13 stripes and “X” in corner

                                    “Poor freedom is better than rich slavery”

                                    “Liberty or Death”

            The title has all caps and caps and lower case, some printed and some in script, profusely decorated with leaves and flowers.

            A shaded border two panels wide surrounds the page.

 

THE

            Liberty

 

Rule of Three

 

Success to Liberty

 

Reverse

 

or of

 

Indirect Proportion.

                                                                                                                Poor freedom is better than rich slavery

 

LIBERTY OR DEATH.
Page 50 is blank

PC  Page 51

 

The

Rule of Three Reverse.

                                                                             Tuesday

                                                                             May 28

                                                                               1776

 

Artwork

The title is in large flowing script, but poor planning makes the final “e” tiny.

The title is underlined by a rectangle that does not extend the length of the title.

A triple line serves as a bottom border.

 

Text:

What Indirect Proportion is, has been hinted already

 

In Direct Proportion, the Product of the first and fourth numbers is equal to the Product of the second and third.  But in this Proportion, the Product of the third and fourth numbers, is equal to the first and second. 

 

The Method of stating any question in this rule, is the same with that of the Direct rule.

 

In the first and third numbers must be of one name, or so reduced, as in that rule; and the number that moves the question must possess the third place; and the middle number will be of the same name withe (sic) Answer, as it is there.

 

To know when the Question belongs to the Direct, and when to the Reverse rule.

 

When the question is stated as abovesaid, consider wheather (sic) the Answer to the question ought to be more or less than the second number; if more, then the lesser of the first and third numbers must be your Divisor.

 

But if less, then the bigger of the two extreme numbers must be your Divisor.

 

And if the first Number of the three is your Divisor, then the proportion is Direct; but if the last of the three given numbers is your Divisor, the proportion is Indirect or Reverse.

 

Or without regard either to Direct or Reverse:

            If more is required, the lesser  )

            If less, the greater                   ) is Divisor


 

PC  Page 52

 

The Rule of Three Reverse.

 

Artwork:

The title is in script and in very small letters

 

 

Examples:

If 4 men in 6 days can mow a field of grass, how many men would do the same in 2 days?           Ans. 12 men

 

If 12 men in 2 days mow a field of grass, how many Men would do it in 6 days?

            Ans.  4 Men

 

If 8 Labourers can do a certain piece of work in 12 days, in how many days will 96 labourers do the same?            Ans.  1 day

 

If 96 Labourers in 1 day can do a certain piece of work, in how many days can 8 Labourers do the same?            Ans.  12 Days

 

If when the measure (viz. a peck) of wheat costs 2 shillings the penny loaf weigh’d according to the standard statute or law of England 8 Ounces, I demand how much it will weigh when the peck is worth 1s.6d according to the same rate or proportion?     

            Ans.  10 oz., 13 pwts., 8 grains

 

How many yards of Merchandize at 20 s per yard must be given for 240 yards at 12s per yard?    Ans.     144 yds @ 20/s

 

How many yards of Lining 3 quarters will line 9 yards of Cloth 5 quarters wide?

            Answer   15 Yards

 


 

PC  Page 53

 

The

Rule of THREE Reverse

 

Artwork:

The title is a combination of left leaning script and all caps, with flowers decorating the “The.”

A plain shaded border surrounds the page.  An elaborate flourish is at the bottom right.

 

 

Examples:

A Regiment of Soldiers consisting of 1000 men to have new coats, suppose each coat to contain 2 yards & 1 quarter of cloth that is 5 quarters wide, & that they are to be lin’d with shalloon that is 3 quarters wide; I Demand how many yards of Shalloon will line them?                     

 

            Ans. 3750 yards of Shalloon 3 wide

 

My Friend borrowing £250 of me for 12 months promised to do me the like kindness when I required it, but on my request he could lend me but £150.  The Question is how long must I keep his money to make me plenary satisfaction for my former courtesy to my friend?

 

            Answer            20 months

 

If for 24 s I have 1200 lbs. carried 36 miles, how many lbs. may I have carried 24 miles for the same money?

 

            Answer 1800 lbs.

           

If for 24 s I have 1200 lbs. carried 36 miles, how many miles may I have 1800 lbs. carried for the same money?

 

            Answer            24 Miles

 

 

                                                                                    Friday

                                                                                    May 31, 1776

 


 

PC  Page 54

 

The Double Rule of III Direct.

 

Artwork:

The title is in flowing script with flowers decorating the two “D’s”.

A border of four single lines underlines the title, and another of like design separates the rule from the examples.

 

Text:

In this Rule there are five numbers given to find out a sixth, which is to be in proportion to the product of the fourth & fifth numbers, as the third number is to the product of the first & second numbers.

 

Questions in this kind of proportion are wrought either by two operations in the single Rule of three direct or by the Rule composed of the five given numbers, & the one May be a proof to the other; as may be seen in the following Examples you must Particularly note; That in all operations where the Answer to the question is found by two statings of the Rule of three, the answer of the first stating is Ever the Middle Number of the 2d stating; as in the preceeding (sic) Examples.

 

Where the answer to the Question is found by five numbers, you must state your question thus, the first & fourth numbers are Made of one Name, & the second & fifth; then the two first numbers, are multiplyed (sic) together for a Divisor and the last two Numbers are Multiplyed (sic) together for a dividend, and the quotient or answer is of the same name with the middle Number.

 

If £300 principal in 12 months gain £18 interest, what interest will £3575 Principal gain in 7 months?

 

            Answer            £125. 2s.6d

 

 


 

PC  Page 55

 

The Double Rule of Three Direct.

 

Artwork:

The title is a combination of printing and calligraphic script, heavily decorated by flowers.

A tiny house with smoking chimney is perched on the top of the “b” in Double.

A shaded border underlines the title, and flourishes cross the bottom of the page.

 

 

 

If 16 Cannons in 1 day spend 96 barrels of Powder how many barrels will 24 Cannons spend in 12 days?

 

            Day                 Cannons          Barrels Days                Cannons

If           1                        16                   96                    12          24

                                                                                       24

                                                                                      288

                                                                                        96

                                                                            16/ 27648

            Answer            1728 Barrels   

 

 

If I lend £250 to receive interest for the same, & at the end of 12 months receive £265, I demand at what rate per cent per Annum I received interest?

 

            £ per                Mo                                           £ per                Mo

  If       250                  12                    265£                100                  12

           

            Answer            6£ per Cent per Annum

 

 

 

If the Carriage of 32 Cwt 56 miles comes to 12 shillings, after the same rate what must I pay to have 78 Cwt carried 94 miles?

 

            Cwt                 Miles               S                      Cwt                 Miles

  If       32                     56                  12                    78                     94     

 

            Answer            £2.9s.1d


 

PC  Page 56

 

The Double Rule of 3 Direct.

 

Artwork:

The title is in flowing script with the “D, R, and D” emphasized.

Flourishes at the bottom are the only border.

 

 

Examples:

If 8 Students spend £38 in 6 months, how much will serve 42 Students 9 Months?

 

Students          Mo.                  £                      Students                      Months           

   8                     6                    38                         42                               9

   6                                                                          9

  48 divisor                                                           378

                                                                               38

                                                                  48/  14364

            Answer            £299.5 s

 

 

 

If 14 horses eat 56 bushels of Provender in 16 days, how many bushels will 42 horses eat in 28 days?

 

Horses             Days                Bushels                        Horses             Days

   14                    16                     56                               42                    28

   16                                                                                28

224 divisor                                                                  1176

                                                                                         56

                                                                            224/65856

 

            Answer            294 Bushels

 


 

PC  Page 57

 

THE

Double Rule of Three

Revers (sic)

 

Artwork:

The text of the title combines printing and calligraphy with the flowing “R’s;”  leaves or  flowers emanating from nearly all letters.  Although she had room for it, Peggey dropped the final “e” in “Reverse.”   Flourishes run across the page at the bottom.

The title in surrounded by a shaded border.

 

Text:

In this Rule you must place your numbers in such order that your 2d & 4th may be of one name,  & your 3rd & 5th; then the 3rd & 4th numbers must be multiplied together for a Divisor, & the 1st number must be multiplied by the 2nd  & that product by the fifth for a Dividend, & the Quotient will be the Answer in the same name with your 2nd Number.

 

 

If £50 Principal in 12 months gain £2.10s interest, what Principal will gain £11.5s in 9 months?

 

            £                      Months            £  s                   Mo                   £    s    

If         50                       12                 2  10                9                     11  5

            12                                            20                                            20

            600                                          50                                            225

            225                                            9

    135000 Dividend                450 Divisor

 

                                                450/135000                 £300 Principal Answer

 

 

 

 

 


 

PC  Page 58

 

The Double Rule of Three Reverse

 

 

Artwork :

The title is in script, and it appears the final “e” in Reverse” is again omitted.  Only a few leaves and flowers are present.  The title has a double underline border, and at the bottom of the work is an ornate border.  Below that is a small drawing of The Sloop Kettle and a small drawing of The Ship Tinker. 

In the bottom center is an ornate set of initials “PC” with flowers and embellishments

 

 

Text:

If 6 men mow 72 acres of grass in 24 days,   in how many days will 16 Men mow 24 Acres?

 

If                     Days                Men                 A                     M                     A

                        24                    6                      72                    16                    24

                          6                                            16

                        144                                          432

                          24                                          72       

                        576                                          1152

                     288

            1152/3456       =          3

 

            Answer            3 Days

 

 

 

If in 12 Days 48 Pioneers cast a trench 24 yards long, how many Pioneers will cast a trench 168 yards long in 32 days?

 

If                     Pioneers           Days                Yards              Days                Yards

                        48                    12                    24                    32                    168

 

            Answer 126 Pioneers

 


 

PC  Page 59

 

Single Fellowship.

 

Artwork:

The title is in script with decorated capitals and leaves and flowers.  It is underlined by a shaded border.  Several flourishes decorate the page, which is dated Tuesday, June 4, 1776.  Single flowers flow from the “f’s” in If and Proof in the work.

 

Text:

The Rule of Fellowship is for Merchants or other Traders where they have joint stocks in company to distribute unto every one his proportional part of the gain or loss according to his stock laid in; ‘tis divided into two parts commonly called the Single & Double Rules of Fellowship; in the Single Rule having the particular Gain or Loss, observe this general Rule.

            As the total sum of the stocks

            To the total Gain or Loss

            So is each man’s particular stock

            To each man’s particular gain or loss.

                                                                                                                                          1776

                                                                                                                        Tuesday, June 4

 

Two Merchants, A & B, make a joint stock, A put in £104, B £276, they gain’d 127£; I demand what part of it belongs to each?

 

A put in £104

B put in £276              £                      £                      £                      £                      £

                 380             127                  104      If         380                  127                  276

                                    104                                                                  276

                        380/13208       £34                                          380/35052       £92

 

                        380/5760         15 s                                          380/1840         4 s

 

                        38/72               1 d                                           38/384             10 d

 

           

Answer                                    A’s part           £34. 15s.1 3/4d

                                                B’s part           £92.4s.10d

                                                Remainder       1/4d

                                                Proof               £127

 


 

PC  Page 60

 

Single Fellowship.

 

Artwork:

The title is similar in script to the preceding page, but with few flowers.

 

Test:

Three Merchants A, B, & C trade together.  A put in £565, B £278, & C £629; they gain’d £1000, I demand each man’s part in proportion to the money he put in?

 

A put in           565£   

B put in           278£

C put in           629£         £          £                £          £          £                      £          £          £

  If                1472         1000      565 |   If  1472  1000  278   |           If   1472          1000  629

                                        565

                        1472/   565000            383£                (same calculation for B and C)

                                        1224 remainder

                                             20 shillings

                        1472  /  24480   16 s

                                           928 remainder

                                                12 pence

                        1472  /  11136     7 d

                                           832 remainder

                                                 4 farthings

                           1472 /  3328     2

 

Ans’r                                       A’s part                       £383.16s.7 1/2d

                                                B’s part                       £188.17s.2d

                                                C’s part                       £427.6s.2 1/4d

                                                                                    Remainder 1/4d

                                                            Proof               £1000

 

 

 


 

PC  Page 61

 

SINGLE FELLOWSHIP.

 

Artwork:

The title is in all caps with ornate S and F.  Flourishes and a flower decorate the title.  A shaded underline is below the title, and the bottom border is a triple underline.

 

 

Examples:

Four persons make a joint stock for 12 months.  D put in 184 £, E 206 £, F 199 £, & G 312 £, & when they settled their accompts (sic) they found they had lost £232; I demand what part of the loss each person must sustain?

 

                        £

D put in           184

E                      206

F                      199

G                     312        £          £              £          £        £                  £           £          £

                If     901      232      184      If   901   232   206           If    901      232      199

 

                        £          £          £

                If     901      232      312

 

            (same multiplication and division calculations as on previous page)

 

 

Answer                                    D’s part           £47.7s.6 3/4d

                                                E’s part            £53.0s.10 1/4d

                                                F’s part            £51.4s.9 3/4d

                                                G’s part           £180.6s8 3/4d

                                                Remainder                   1/2d

                                                Proof               £232

 


 

PC  Page 62

 

SINGLE FELLOWSHIP.

 

Artwork:

The title is in all caps with ornate S and F.  Flourishes and a flower decorate the title.  A single underline is below the title, and the bottom border is a single underline.

 

 

Examples:

Three men enter into Partnership.  L put in 317 £, M 285 £, & N 463 £; they lost 129 £; what part of it must each man bear?

 

                        £

L put in           317

M                     285

N                     463

                                      £          £              £          £        £                  £           £          £

                If     1065    129      317      If   1065   129   285         If    1065    129      463

 

                       

 

            (same multiplication and division calculations as on previous page)

 

 

Answer                                    L’s part of the loss      £38.7s.11 1/4d

                                                M’s part                       £34.10s.5d

                                                N’s part                       £56.1s.7 1/2d

                                                Remainder                               1/4d

                                                Proof                           £129

 


 

PC  Page 63

Double Fellowship.

Artwork:         The D and F of the title are decorated with flowers.  The D has shading and the F has decorative underlining.  A triple underline is under the title.  The bottom border is a curving underline.  Dated Th. June 6, 1776

Text:   

It is called Double Fellowship when their gains are different not only in respect to their stocks, but in respect of the time of their continuance in company, & to resolve any Question in this rule, observe the following directions……..

As the total sum of the products of each man’s money multiplied by the time put in for, is to the total gain or loss, so is the particular product of each man’s money multiplied by the time put in for, to each man’s particular gain or loss.

Two merchants A & B agree to trade together.  A put in £322 for 4 months and B £475 for 7 months; they gain’d £520; I demand each Merchant’s part?

A put in £322                                      B put in £475

            for 4 mo                                              for 7 mo.

            1288 A’s stock & time                        3325  B’s stock & time

            3325 B’s stock & time

                                    £          A’s stock & time                                 Similar  math for B

1f         4613                520                  1288

                                                                520

                                                            25760

                                                          6440

                                    4613 /          669760  \             145 £

 

                                    4613 /              17500  \           3  s

 

                                    4613  /             43932  \           9  d

 

Answer                        A’s part           £145.3.9 ½

                                    B’s part           £374.16.2 ¼

                                    Remainder                   ¼

                                    Proof               £520

 

 

 

 

PC  Page 64

 

Double Fellowship.

 

Artwork:

The title is in script with a curvy single underline.  No flowers are on this page.

 

 

Examples:

Three Persons enter into Partnership, viz: A, B, &C.  A put into stock £32.10s for 4 months, B 39 £ for 6 months & C 42 £ for 3 months, they gain’d £83.6s, what is each man’s share in proportion to his stock and time?

 

A put in £32.10s for 4 Mo                    B put in £39 for 6 Mo           C put in £42 for 3 Mo

                           4                                                   6                                           3

                        130 A’s stock & time                  234B’s stock & time           126  C’s stock                                                                                                                                                 & time

            130  A’s stock & time

            234  B’s stock & time

            126  C’s stock & time             £   s     A’s stock & time

If         490  Total stock & time                      83.6                 130

                                                                           20

                                                                       1666

                                                                         130

                                                            490/216580   44.2

                                                                            £22.2

           

 

            Same calculations for B and C

 

            Answer            A’s part           £22.2s. --d

                                    B’s ditto          £39.15s.7d

                                    C’s d’o                        £21.8s4 ¾ d

                                    Remainder                   ¼ d

                                    Proof               £83.6s

 

 


 

PC  Page 65

 

Double Fellowship.

 

Artwork:

The title is in simple script with a single curvy underline.  Two small flowers decorate the title.  The “M” of Merchants in the first example is decorated.  Flourishes cross part of the page at the bottom.

 

 

Examples:

Three Merchants enter into Partnership, A put into stock £372, B £566, & C £650.  A’s money was to continue in Partnership 5 months, B’s 7, & C’s 9; they lost £568; I Demand each Merchant’s part according to his stock and time?

 

 

The entire page is filled with multiplication and division as on the previous page.

 

 

                                                                                      £        s           d

            Answer            A’s part of the loss                  90     10       3 ¼

                                    B’s ditto                                  192   16           1

                                    C’s ditto                                  284   13           7 ½

                                    Remainder                                                       ¼

                                    Proof                                 £    568    - -

 

 


 

PC  Page 66

 

Double Fellowship.

 

Artwork:

The title is in simple script with underlining.  A 5 line bottom border follows the work.

A very ornate “Peggey Clayton” is at the bottom of the page, with “eggey” incorporated into the “P” and “layton” incorporated into the “C.”

A house is drawn inside the “P” in “Peggey”

In the bottom right hand corner is a drawing of a sloop, The Yellowjacket Privateer, Capt. Benj. Buckskin.

 

 

Examples:

Three Butchers A, B, & C, hire a Pasture for £24.  A had 40 Cows in it for 4 months, B 30 Cows for 2 months, & C 36 Cows for 5 months, what part of the rent must each pay?

 

A put in 40 cows for 4 Mo.    B put in 30 cows for 2 Mo.     C put in 36 cows

                4                                              2                                              5     

            160                                             60                                         180                             

              180                £                                              £

   If        400                  24      160      If   400                        24        60

                                    160                                          60

                           400/3840      £9.12s                400/1440       £3.12s

 

                                        £

If            400                 24      180

                                    180

                           400/4320      £10.16s

 

 

                                                                                    £          s

            Answer                        A must pay                  9       12

                                                B must pay                  3       12

                                                C must pay                  10     16

                                                Proof                     £    24      -

 

 


 

PC  Page 67

 

THE

Rules of

Practice.

 

 

(The title covers the entire page)

 

The letters in “THE” are in all caps and are conjoined, as in T-E.

The rest of the letters are in script with letters shaded in several ways.

The “R” and “P” have the flowing script of other page titles, and vines, leaves and flowers decorate most of the letters.

In the middle of the page is a drawing of the Schooner Union, along with a smaller sloop

 

The title and art are surrounded by a three panel wide, shaded border.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                                                                Tuesday,

                                                                                                                        June 11th, 1776

 


 

PC  Page 68

 

Practice.

 

Artwork:

The title is in Plain black script, with an embellished “P”

The rule is bordered on top and bottom with a simple decorated border.

At the bottom of the page is a four line border.

 

 

Text:

These Rules are most compendiously contrived  for the speedy casting up of any sort of goods or merchandize; and therefore are of excellent use among Merchants, Tradesmen, &c; for their quick and elegant dispatch of Business; & from their frequent use, are called Rules of Practice.

 

Any question in the Rule of Three, that hath an unit or 1 for its number, may be much sooner done by these brief rules than by the methods followed in that as too much abounding in figures.

 

In order for working, the following tables are to be well understood & got perfectly by heart.

 

The Even Parts of Money

 

Parts of a Shilling                                                                    Parts of a Pound

6d                    ½                                                                     10                    1/2

4                      1/3                                                                   6.8                   1/3                              

3          is          ¼                                                                       5                    1/4

2                      1/6                                                                     4                    1/5

1 ½                  1/8                                                                   more

1                      1/12

 

The even parts of weight

 

 

Parts of a Tun              Parts of a Cwt             Parts of ½ of Cwt                   Parts of ¼ of Cwt

Cwt                             qrs       lb                     lb                                             lb

10        ½                     2           -      ½             28                    ½                     14                    ½

  5        ¼                     1                  ¼             14                    ¼                     7                      ¼

 to                                to                                 to                                            to

 1         /20                    0         7    1/16             7                    1/8                     4                    1/7

 


 

PC  Page 69

 

Practice.

 

Artwork

A head-on view of the ship The Bear, Capt. Wood, with two rows of 3 sails each, surmounted by a single topsail.

The title is in script decorated with flowers.  The “P” is large and flowing/

The border at the bottom of the page is 9 straight lines with some shading or running together, obviously done by hand with a straight edge.

 

Text:

Case 1st        When the given price is Pence and an even part of a Shilling, consider what part it is and divide the given quantity by it, and the Quotient will be shillings, and those shillings divided by 20 will give Pounds.

 

  s                     3476 pounds of cheese @ 6d per lb  

  6        ½         1738

            20 /      £86.18  Answer

 

  4        1/3       6705 Yards @4d                                                       

            20        2235

                        £111.15   Answer

 

5478 lbs. @ 3d                                                Answer            £68.9.6

2579 lbs. @ 2d                                                Answer            £21.9.10

6000 lbs. @ 1 ½ d                                           Answer            £38.0.0

7935 lbs. @ 1 d                                               Answer            £33.1.3

532 lbs.@ 1 d per lb.                                       Answer            £2.4.4

687 lbs. @ 1 ½ d                                             Answer            £4.5.10 ½

490 lbs. @ 2 d                                                 Answer            £4.1.8

365 lbs. @ 3d                                                  Answer            £4.11.3

387 Yards @ 4d                                             Answer            £6.9

784 Yards @ 6d                                             Answer            £19.12

 


 

PC  Page 70

 

Practice.

 

Artwork:

The title is in black flowing script with a highly decorated “P”.  Guide lines for the lower case letters are obvious.  An elaborate flourish is to the right of the title.

Several double line borders separate parts of the page.

 

Case 2d       When the given price is such pence as are not an even part of a shilling, first take the greatest even part of a shilling  & then part of that part, & add them both together and divide the product by 20 which will produce Pounds.

 

6d        ½         8764 Yards                 @ 9d                          

3d        ½         4382

of   6d             2191

            20        6573

                        £328.13s  Answer

 

5326 Yards                 @ 8d                           Answer            £177.10.8

6849 lbs.                      @ 7 d                          Answer            £199.15.3

3127 lbs.                      @ 5d                           Answer            £65.2.11

386 Yards                   @ 5d                           Answer            £8.0.10

783 Yards                   @ 7 d                          Answer            £22.16.9

682 lbs.                        @ 8 d                          Answer            £22.14.8

901 Gallons                 @ 9 d                          Answer            £33.15.9

 

The following sums are wrought by taking the even part of a shilling in each line, viz:

 

6d        ½                     3790 Yards                 @ 10 d                                   

4d        1/3                   1895

                                    1263    4

            20  /                 3158    4

                                    £157.18.4   Answer

 

Or thus by annexing a Cypher to the given Quantity and dividing by 12 viz:

            12 /                  37900 

            20 /                    3158

                                    £157.18.4   Ans. (as above)

 

 

1349 lbs. @ 11 d                                 Answer            £61.16.7

 

A small hand with extended finger is drawn at the lower left margin

 

PC  Page 71

 

Practice.

 

 

Artwork:

The title is in flowing script as on previous pages, with a highly decorated “P”. 

The small letters are shaded with diagonal lines.

A drawing of the Schooner Two Sisters is to the right of the title.

Two-line borders separate section of the work.

 

 

Case 3d       When the price is pence & farthings, then work for the pence as before, & for the farthings observe what part they make of the parts taken before, which take out of any one of the lines, of which the farthing or farthings make an even part, and add all together & divide by 20.

 

d

2          1/6       649 lbs. @ 2 ½ d                                                        

½        ¼          108.2

of 2d                  27.0. ½

             20/      135.2 ½ 

Answer            £6.15.2 ½

 

605 Ounces @ 3 ¼ d              Answer            £8.3.10 ¼

873 lbs. @ 3 ¾ d                     Answer            £13.12.9 ¾ d

592 Yards @ 7 ½ d                Answer            £18.10

754 Gallons @ 10 ½ d            Answer            £32.19.9

946 Yards @ 10 ½ d              Answer            £41.7.9

657 Gallons @ 7 ½ d              Answer            £20.10.7 ½

938 lbs. @ 3 ¾ d                     Answer            £14.13.1 ½

894 lbs. @ 3 ¾ d                     Answer            £12.2.1 ½

798 Ounces @ 2 ½ d              Answer            £8.6.3

 


 

PC  Page 72

 

Practice.

 

 

Artwork:

The script title is like on previous pages. 

To its right is a drawing of  “The Snow Greyhound coming into Harbour having lost her foretopmast.”  A smaller boat is in the background.

 

 

Case IV.      When the price is any number of pence above a shilling, and not two shillings, let the given quantity stand as shillings, and take even parts for the pence, & set the Quotients underneath in proper order, without drawing a line, and add it to the given number, & the total will be the answer in shillings, which bring into Pounds by dividing by 20.

 

 1s        1/12                 479 Yards                   @ 13 d                                               

                                       39.11

             20  /                518.11

                                    £25.18.11   Answer

 

689 lbs. @ 14 d                       Answer            £40.3.10

543 bushels @ 15 d                Answer            £33.18.9

876 Gallons @ 16 d                Answer            £58.8

934 lbs. @ 17 d                       Answer            £66.3.2

328 Yards @ 18 d                  Answer            £24.12

749 Yards @ 19 d                  Answer            £59.5.11

645 lbs. @ 20 d                       Answer            £53.15

561 Gallons @ 21 d                Answer            £49.1.9

948 lbs. @ 22 d                       Answer            £86.18

864 Yards @ 23 d                  Answer            £82.16

486 lbs. @ 13 d                       Answer            £26.6.6

 


 

PC  Page 73

 

Practice.

 

Artwork:

The title is in large script and decorated as before.  The guide lines are evident.

A wavy line crosses the page above the date:  Saturday A. M. June 22d, 1776

 

 

Case V.        When the price given is such a number of shillings, or shillings and pence, as make an even part of a Pound, divide the given Quantity by that part , and the Quotient will be pounds.

 

10s       1/2       698 Yards @ 10/s                                                                  

                        £349.0.0   Answer

 

493 Gallons @ 6/8                  Answer            £164.6.8

594 Ells@ 5/s                          Answer            £148.10

937 lbs. @ 4/s                         Answer            £187.8

806 Gallons @ 3 / 4                Answer            £134.6.8

479 lbs. @ 2/s                         Answer            £47.18

347 Yards @ 1/8                     Answer            £26.8.4

896 Gallons @ 1/8                  Answer            £74.13.4

507 lbs. @ 2/s                         Answer            £50.14

438 Gallons @ 3 / 4                Answer            £73.0.0

869 lbs. @ 4/s                         Answer            £173.16

903 lbs. @ 5/s                         Answer            £225.15

612 lbs. @ 6 / 8                       Answer            £204.0.0

731 Yards @ 10/s                   Answer            £365.10

 

When at any time the price is Shillings, the Answer may be known at first sight, for ‘tis but doubling the last figure towards the right hand & note it for shillings and the other Figures are Pounds, viz:

 

648 lbs. @ 2/s                                    

£64.16   Answer

 

6491 Yards @ 2/s                               Answer            £649.2

834 lbs. @ 2/s                                     Answer            £83.8

 

Saturday A. M. June 22d

1776

PC  Page 74

 

Practice.

 

 

Artwork:

The title is smaller than on other pages but of the same design in script.

A four line border separates the title from the text of the Case.

A four line border is at the bottom of the page, above the date: Tuesday Morning, June 25th, 1776

 

 

Case 6th       When the price is shillings & pence, or shillings, pence, & farthings, & no even part of a Pound, then multiply the given quantity by the shillings in the price, & take parts for the rest and add all together, which divided by 20 will produce Pounds.

 

                        378 Yards @ 4/6                                            

                            4

                        1512

6d        ½           189

            20  /     1701

                           £85.1   Answer

 

 

849 Gallons @ 5/9                              Answer            £244.1.9

635 lbs. @ 6/4                                     Answer            £201.1.8

944 Bushels @ 7s/10 d                       Answer            £369.14.8

849 Barrels @ 8/8                               Answer            £367.18

917 Yards @ 12 s/7 d                         Answer            £576.18.11

845 Ells @ 16s/3d                               Answer            £686.11.3

947 Barrels @ 19s/11d                       Answer            £943.1.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tuesday Morning

 June 25th, 1776

 

 

 


 

PC  Page 75

 

PRACTICE.

 

Artwork:

This title’s style is very different from previous ones. 

“For Miss Peggy Clayton her book” incorporated into “P” of “Practice”

A dot and foliage background enhances the “RAC” and “ICE”

A shaded border encloses the title, and a flourish runs across the bottom of the page.

 

 

Case 7th       When the price is shillings & pence & no even part of a Pound, yet many times it may be divided into even parts, as 7s/6d is composed of  5s & 2s/6d; & 11s/8d of 10s & 1s/8d; 12s/6d of 10s & 2s/6d; and 15 s of 10s & 5s; &c &c &c.

 

5s         ¼         676 lbs.                        @ 7s/6d                                  

2.6       ½         169

of 5s                  84.10

                        £253.10    Answer

 

930 Gallons @ 11s/8d                        Answer            £542.10

849 Yards @ 12s/6d               Answer            £530.12.6

634 Barrels @ 15/                   Answer            £475.10

932 Yards @ 17/6                   Answer            £815.10

904 Barrels @ 17s/6d             Answer            £791.0.0

498 Yards @ 15/                     Answer            £373.10

725 Gallons @ 12/6                Answer            £453.2.6

394 Barrels @ 11/8                 Answer            £229.16.8

944 Bushels @ 7/6                  Answer            £354.0.0

 


 

PC  Page 76

 

Practice.

 

Artwork:

The script of the title goes back to the earlier style, decorated with flowers and an ornate, flowing “P”.

A double line border with a dashed center line is at the page bottom.

 

Case 8th       When at any time the price is an even number of shillings, multiply the quantity by half of the price, & double the first figure of the product, & set it apart for shillings, & the other figures towards the left hand will be Pounds.

 

 

862 lbs.                        @ 4s                                       

    2                     the half     2

£172.8   Answer

 

365 lbs.                        @ 6/s                                      

    3                              the half   3

£109.10   Answer

 

837 Gallons @ 8s                                Answer            £334.16

986 Yards @ 10s                                Answer            £493.0

837 Bushels @12s                              Answer            £502.4

568 Barrels @ 14s                               Answer            £397.12

375 Yards @ 16s                                Answer            £300.0.0

849 Barrels @ 18s                               Answer            £764.2

932 Barrels @ 18s                               Answer            £838.16

649 Yards @ 16s                                Answer            £519.2

985 Gallons @ 14s                              Answer            £689.10

588 lbs. @ 12s                                                Answer            £352.16

693 Gallons @ 10s                              Answer            £346.10

849 lbs. @ 8s                                      Answer            £339.12

506 lbs. @ 4/s                                     Answer            £101.4

605 Yards @ 6/s                                 Answer            £181.10

 


 

PC  Page 77

 

Practice.

 

Artwork:

The title is small and printed, with a few flowers and decorative underlining.

In the top right margin there is a drawing of a ship being towed by two rowboats with the caption, “The ship Maryland towing into harbor, having lost her foremast, foretopmast, & mizentopmast (sic), & spritsail yards.”  In the top left margin is a drawing of a 3 mast ship pulling a dory.  At the bottom of the page below a four line border are large embellished initials “P C”

 

Case 9th      When the price is an even number of shillings, if it be required to know what quantity of any thing may be bought for so much money, it may be known by this short rule, viz:  annex a cypher to the money and divide by half the price.

_______Exempli Gratia. _______

How many Yards of Linen may I buy for 27 £ at 4/ per yard?

            Half the price  2/270               Answer 135 Yards

 

How many Gallons of Rum may be bought for 108 £ at 6/ per Gallon?

                                    3/1080             Answer  360 Gallons

 

How many pair of Stockings at 8/ per pair may be bought for £384?

                                    4/3840             Answer  960 pair

 

How many pair of Shoes at 10/ per pair may I buy for 173 £?

                                    5/1730             Answer  346 pair

 

How many Barrels of Corn at 14/ per Barrel may I buy for 876 £?

                                    7/8760             Answer  1251 Barrels & 3/7

 

How many Yards of Hollond  at 12/s per yard may I buy for £768?

                                    6/7680             Answer  1280 Yards

 

How many Yards of Cambrick @ 16/s per yard may I buy for 1080 £?

                        8/10800                                   Answer  1350 Yards

 

How many Yards of Cloth at 18/s per yard may I buy for 349 £?

                        9/3490                         Answer  387 Yards & 7/9

 

How many hundred pounds of Pork @ 22/s per hundred pounds may I buy for 187£?

                        11/1870                                   Answer 170 hundred neat

 

How many Yards of  Broad Cloth @ 24/s per yd. may I buy for 228£ ?

                        12/2280                                   Ans.  190 Yards

PC  Page 78

 

Practice.

 

Artwork:

The title is in small, left-leaning script with an embellished “P” and decorative underlining. 

Two- and three-lined borders are used, and the date is A. D. 1776 June 28th Friday A. M.

 

Case 10th      When the price is an odd number of shillings work for the even parts as in the 8th case & for the odd shilling take the 1/20 of the given number and add them together, as in the following examples.

 

                                    397 Gallons                             @ 7/s

                                       3

                                    119.2

1s         1/20                   19.17

                                    £138.19           Answer

 

 

                                    498 lbs.                                    @ 9/s

                                         4

                                    199.4

1s         1/20                    24.18

                                    £224.2 Answer

 

                                    865 Yards                               @ 11/s

                                         5

                                    423.10

1s         1/20                    43.5

                                    £475.15           Answer

 

                                    749 lbs.                                    @ 13/s

                                         6

                                    449.8

1s         1/20                    37.9

                                    £486.17           Answer

 

                                    984 Yards                               @ 15/s

                                         7

                                    688.16

1s         1/20                    49.4

                                    £738.0 Answer

 

 

 

PC  Page 78 (Cont.)

 

Practice.

 

 

                                    498 Ells                                   @ 17/s

                                         8

                                    398.8

1s         1/20                    24.18

                                    £423.6 Answer

 

                                    674 Yards                               @ 19/s

                                    £640.6 Answer

 

                                    710 Barrels                              @ 17/s

                                    £603.10           Answer

 

                                    805 Ells                                   @ 15/s

                                    £603.15           Answer

 

                                    912 Gallons                             @ 13/s

                                    £592.16           Answer

 

                                    756 Yards                               @ 11/s

                                    £415.16           Answer

 

                                    675 lbs.                                    @ 9/s

                                    £303.15           Answer

 

 

A. D. 1776 June 28th  Friday A. M.

 


 

PC  Page 79

 

Practice.

 

Artwork

The title is in highly embellished large script, with an elaborate “P”.  Flowers decorate every letter.  A shaded border separates the title from the work, and a plain triple line border is at the bottom.

 

Case 11th     When the price of the integer is Pounds, Shillings, & Pence, reduce the Pounds & Shillings into Shillings, & multiply the given number of integers by the said Shillings, & then take parts for the Pence as before taught; or if the Shillings & Pence make an even part or even parts of a Pound, then multiply the quantity by the Pounds & take even parts of a Pound for the remainder of the price, and add the results together; Or when the price is Shillings above 20 and under 40, you may let the integers stand as Pounds & without drawing a line take parts for the odd money & add all together.

                             987 Cwt                      @ £2.12.6

                                       52                                 20

                                    1974                                52

                                4935

6d        ½                       493.6

            2/0              5181/7.6

                             £2590.17.6 Answer

 

Or thus                        987 Cwt                      @ £2.12.6

                             2

                        1974

10s       ½            493.10

2.6 is ¼ of 10s    123.7.6

                                    £2590.17.6      Answer

 

                                    789 Barrels                  @ £3.15.6

                                    £2978.9.6        Answer

 

                                    816 Barrels                  @ £4.17.6

                                    £3978.0.0        Answer

 

 

 

PC  Page 80

Practice.

Case 11th  continued.

Artwork:  The title is in smaller but elaborate script.  Case is embellished. 

A two line border crosses the bottom, with a dashed line between the lines.

 

                                    649 Cwt                                  @ £4.18.9

                                       98                                              20

                                    5192                                              98

6d        ½                        324.6

                                     5841               this line is the product of 649 by 9, which was                                                                                  omitted in its proper place

3d        ½ of                    162.3

            Sixpence

            2/0                   6408/8.9

                                    £3204.8.9        Answer

 

Or thus                                    649 Cwt                                  @ £4.18.9

                                         4

                                    2596

10s       ½                       324.10

5s         ½ of 10s            162.5

2.6       ½ of 5s                        81.2.6

1.3       ½ of 2.6               40.11.3

                                    £3204.8.9        Answer

 

                                    312 Barrels                              @ £3.13.4

                                    £1144.0.0        Answer

 

                                    624 Barrels                              @ £2.15.9

                                    £1739.8           Answer

 

                                    840 Yards                               @ £1.12.6

                                    £1365.0.0        Answer

 

July 3rd, 1776, Wednesday Morning

 

 

PC  Page 81

PRACTICE.

Artwork:  The title is in all caps with the letters shaded in several ways, and flowers grow from the bottom of the letters as from soil.

Small drawings of The Sloop Friendship and the Schooner Eagle flank the title.

A 2 story house with 3 windows over 2 and 2 chimneys is above the title.

A flag with 13 stripes and an “X” in the canton emanates from the “A”.

 

Case 12th     If the Quantity given hath any odd weight or measure annex’d to it, as ¼, ½, or ¾ (after you have work’d as before taught for the whole numbers) then take ¼, ½, or ¾ of the price and add it to the other work.

                   247 ¼ Yards                           @ 8s.9d

                             8                             For ¼        2.2 ¼

                        1976

6d        ½         123.6

3d        ½ of        61.9

            6d              2.2 ¼ for ¼ Yd

            2/0       216/3.5 ¼

                        £108.3.5 ¼      Answer

 

                        783 Ells & ¾               @ 13s.7d

                        £532.5.11 ¼    Answer

 

                        863 ½ Yards               @ 15s.3d

                        £658.8.4 ½                  Answer

 

                        365 ½ lbs.                    @ 12s.8d

                        £231.9.8                      Answer

 

                        875 lbs. & ¼                @ 14s.5d

                        £630.18.2 ¼    Answer

 

                        386 ¾ Bushels             @ 16s.4d

                        £315.16.11                  Answer

Tu. Aft. July 9, 1776

 

 

 

 

PC  Page 82

 

Practice.

Case the 12th Continued.

 

Artwork:  The title is in the typical flowing script with a decorated “P”.

At the bottom of the problems are “Liberty” and “B. C; N. C.”

A row of flourishes crosses the bottom of the page.

 

                   347 Cwt,1 qtr, 21 lbs.             @ 17s.6d

                           17                                         qtr.       ¼         4.4 ½

                        5899                                        14        ½         2.2 ¼

6d        ½            173.6                                      7        ¼         1.1.1/2 farth.

For 1 qtr 21 lbs    7.7.3/4                                                         7.7. ¾   ½

            2/0       608/0.1 ¾ & ½ farthing

                        £304.0.1 ¾ & ½          Answer

 

                   871 Yards & ¼                                   @ 9s.10 ½ d

                        £4300.3.7 & ½ a farthing        Answer

 

                        496 Cwt., 3 qtrs., 24 ½ lbs.     @ 3.12.8

                        £1805.13.0 ¾

 

                        748 Cwt, 2 qtrs., 14 lbs.                      @ 18s.2d

                        £680.0.0 ¼      Answer

 

                        132 Yards & ½                                   @ 10s.7 ½ d

                        £70.7.9 ¾        Answer

 

                   17 Cwt., 3 qtrs., 21 lbs.                       @ 3.3.4

                        £56.16.0 ½      Answer

 

Liberty                                                  BC; N. C.

PC  Page 83

 

Practice.

Other Tables of even parts of a SHILLING & POUND

viz

Artwork:

Large drawing of a 3 masted ship  “The Ship Francis”

The title is in all caps script, profusely decorated with flowers.  Much of the lettering is in italics.  A 3 panel wide border highlights the title.  A 7 line border is at the page bottom.

 

Parts of a Shilling                                       Parts of a Pound

10d)                      (5/6                                18s                       9/10

9d  )                                                        17s.6d                  7/8

8d   )       is           (2/3                                16s.8d                  5/6

7 ½d)                    (5/8                                15                         ¾

4 ½d)                    (3/8                                14               is       7/10

                                                                   13s.4d                  2/3

                                                                   12s.6d                  5/8

                                                                   8                           4/10

                                                                   7s.6d                    3/8

                                                                   6                           3/10

 

Case 13th

If the price of the integer be at any of the rates in either of these tables, multiply the given quantity by the numerator & divide by the denominator, & the quotient will be the Answer.

 

476 Yards @ 10d                                                       468 Yards @ 7 ½ d

£19.16.8          Answer                                                £14.12.6          Answer

 

384 pounds @ 9d                                                       817 pounds @ 4 ½ d

£14.8               Answer                                                £15.6.4 ½        Answer

 

687 lbs. @ 8d                                                              764 lbs. @ 9d

£22.18             Answer                                                £28.13             Answer

 

 

PC  Page 84

 

Practice.

 

Artwork:

The title is in script but simply drawn, with the “P” large and flowing.  There are no flowers on this page.  There are simple two-line borders.

 

Case 14th     When it happens that the price of the integer is a known part of a Pound, as 17s.6d is 7/8, 13s.4d is 2/3, 16s.8d is 5/6, and 7s.6d is 3/8 &c; then multiply the given number of integers by the Numerator, and divide the product by the Denominator; or divide by the Denominator first, & then multiply that quotient by the Numerator.   See the following work. 

 

9/10     849 Barrels @ 18/s                  or thus                         849 Barrels @ 18/s

                9                                                                              10/849

            7641/10                                                                       84.18

            £764.2             Answer                                                     9

                                                                                                £764.2  Answer

 

7/8       736 Yards @ 17/6                   or thus             736 Yards @ 17/6

                7                                                                              8/736

            5152/8                                                                         92

            £644                Answer                                                  7

                                                                                                £644  Answer

           

5/6       432 Yards @ 16/8                   or thus             432 Yards @ 16/8

            multiply by 5, divide by 6                               divide by 6, multiply by 5

            £360                Answer                                    £360                Answer

 

3/4       283 Bushels @ 15/      s                                   283 Bushels @ 15/      s

            multiply by 3, divide by 4                               divide by 4, multiply by 3

            £212.5s            Answer                                    £212.5s            Answer

 

            375 Barrels @ 13/4                                        375 Barrels @ 13/4

            £250                Answer                                    £250                Answer 

 

 


 

PC  Page 85

 

TARE

AND

TRET.

 

Artwork

The “T” of Tare and Tret are shaded and embellished and are in decorative frames

 

A 3 story house with 13 windows and two chimneys is at the middle left

 

A large flag with 13 stripes, “WE ARE ONE” in the stripe area and “13 United Colonies” in the Canton, which is divided by an “X” is at the middle right.

 

 

 

                                                          The poem:

                                                          “Swift to the field ye Heroes fly

                   “Liberty or Death”                   The cause that calls is Liberty

                                                          Fear not to fight, to bleed, or die

                                                          Your glorious cause demands your breath

                                                          Freedom is cheap tho’ bought with death”

 

 

 

 

 

Friday

Play time

July 12, 1776

 

 


 

PC  Page 86

 

Tare and Tret.

 

Tare and Tret are the allowances made to Merchants in buying their goods…..

Tare, of what they can agree for per Cwt, per chest, per the whole, for the weight of the bag, box, chest, &c, which contains the commodity……

Tret, for the waste, motes, or dust, and is always 4 lbs. per 104 lbs…..

There is also sometimes allowances given of 2 lbs. for every Cwt, for the turn of the scale, called cloff or clough

Note that the whole weight, before any allowances are made, is called Gross, when part is deducted the remainder is called Suttle, but when all are taken from it, what is left is called Neat.

 

(A large flag, lightly drawn               

With 13 stripes and                             Rules

the canton with dark triangles                        With

top and bottom, lighter                       Examples

triangles on the sides)

 

Rule 1st, The Tare of any Quantity of goods may be easily found, if at so much in the whole, only by subtracting (sic, use of modern spelling) the said allowances from the Gross weight, if at so much per chest be, by multiplying the number of pounds Tare by the number of chests &c & subtracting as before, & if at so much per Cwt, by taking such part or parts of the Gross weight, as the allowance is of a Cwt

 

Suppose 5 Cwt, 2qrs, 13 lbs. were allowed on 456 Cwt, 1 Qr, 19 lbs of Tobacco; what would be the neat weight?

            456 Cwt 1 Qr 19 lbs Gross

              15 Cwt 2 Qr 13 Lbs Tare

Ans      440         3       6  Neat wt.

 

246 Cwt 3 qr 12 lbs Gross, Tare 14 lbs per Cwt, I demand the Neat Weight?

            246      3          12  Gross

               30     3          12  Tare

Ans.     216      0          0  Neat Wt.

 

What’s the neat weight of 3 frails of Raisins each 3C 2 qr 10 lb Gross, Tare at 20 lbs. per frail?

            3 frails each 3 C  2 qr  10 lb

                                                        3

                                    10.   3.      2  Gross

                                            2.      4  Tare

            Answer            10.   0.     26  Neat wt.

 

364 Cwt 1 qr  14 lbs Gross, Tare 16 lbs per Cwt, I Demand the neat weight?

            Answer            312                  1            8          Neat wt.

PC  Page 87

 

Tare and Tret.

 

Artwork: 

The title is printed in caps and lower case with letters shaded.

A shaded border separates the title from the work, and a 3 line border is at the bottom.

 

 

Text:

Note that 14 lbs. & 16 lbs. may be called the standards of Tare, for from them may any number of pounds more or less be taken, as in the following Examples.

 

728 Cwt          3 qrs  Gross, Tare 18 bs. Per Cwt, I Demand the neat weight?

            728 Cwt          3 qrs   Gross

            104                  12

              13                  1 ½

            117      0          13 ½  Tare

Ans.     611      2          14 ½    Neat wt.

 

182 Cwt          0 qr      14 lbs.  Gross, Tare 20 lbs. per Cwt, I Demand the neat weight?

            182      0          14  Gross

              26      0            2

                6      2            ½

              32      2            2 ½  Tare

Ans.     149      2          11 ½  Neat wt.

 

Rule 2d.  Tret  being always 4 lbs. per 104 lbs., the constant method of finding it is by taking the 26th part of the line it is to be deducted from (4 times 26 being 104) as in the following Examples.

 

          Six Hhds of Tobacco wt viz.  (total)             3929 Gross

                                                                                     -556  Tare

                                                                                    3373      lbs. Suttle

                                                                                    - 129 ½  Tret

                                                                                    3243 ½  Rest

                                                                                        -12    Cloff

                                                            Answer            3231 ½  Neat

 

 

Th. July 18th 1776

 

 


 

PC  Page 88

 

Tare and Tret.

Artwork:

The title is in script with very large “T’s” and no flowers.

Three lines underline the title and 4 lines form the border at the page bottom.

 

Examples:

In 5 Barrels of Nutmegs wt 18 Cwt, 2 qr, 7 lbs. gross, tare 30 lbs. per barrel; and tret 4 lbs. per 104 lbs, how many pounds neat?

 

                        2079 lbs. gross

                          150 lbs. tare

                        1929 lbs. suttle

                            74 lbs. tret

Answer            1855 pounds neat

 

 

 

 

In 27 bags of Pepper, containing 58 Cwt, 3 qrs, 11 lbs. gross, Tare 4 lbs. per bag, Tret 4 lbs. per 104 lbs., I demand how many neat pounds?

 

                        6591  lbs. gross

                          108  lbs. tare

                        6483  lbs. suttle

                          249 ½ lbs. tret

Answer            6233 ¾ pounds neat

 

 


 

PC  Page 89

 

SIMPLE INTEREST.

 

Artwork:

The title is in caps with “ST” squeezed in at the end, in smaller letters.

A small ship is incorporated into the “S” in Simple, and flowers surmount the title.

“Independent we’ll be, But we will (be) free.” is enclosed in “I” of Interest

Three small ships float to the left of four adjacent buildings, each 2 stories tall, sharing chimneys

A small flag is to the right of the buildings, with 13 stripes and an X in the canton

 

Text:

Simple interest being one of the branches of Proportion or the Rule of Three, is worked as follows.

1st.       The interest of any sum is found by this plain Proportion.

                        As 100 £

                        Is to the rate of Interest

                        So is the given Principal

                        To the Interest sought

Note the cutting off two figures to the right-hand divides such lines by 100….

2d.       To find the Interest of any sum for 2 or more years, Multiply the years amount by the number of years required.

3d.       To find the Interest for months, divide the years amount by the even parts they make of a year.

4th        If the time is Weeks or Days, instead of taking the even parts of a year, as for months, it must be done by a second stating in the Rule of Three.

 

Exempli gratia

 

At 6 £ per Cent, what will be the interest of £589 for 1 Year?

 

            Answer £35.6s.9 ½ d

 

 

 

At 5£ per Cent, what Interest will £981.12s.8 ½ d Principal gain in a year?

 

            Answer £49.1s.7 ½ d

 

 


 

PC  Page 90

 

Simple Interest.

 

Artwork:

The title is in script with large, flowing “S” and “I”.

A 3 line border separates the title from the work, and a 4 line border runs across the page bottom.

 

 

What is the Interest of £381.17s.8d @£5 ½ per cent for 1 year?

 

            Answer            £21.0.0 ¾

 

What is the Interest of £312.16s.8d @ 6 ¼ per Cent per Annum?

 

            Answer            £19.11s.0 ½ d

 

What is the factorage of goods bought or otherwise negociated (sic) to the value of £392.18s.4d @ 2 ½ per Cent?

 

            Answer            £7.17s.2d

 

What’s the Insurance of £460 @ 10 ¾ per Cent?

 

            Answer            £49.9s

 

Take off 5£ per Cent from £137.16s.8d  For prompt payment in Custom house duties

                                    £137.16.8

            Substract               6.17.10

            Answer            £130.18.10

 

Take off  15£ per Cent from £1345.13s.4d For the additional Duties on French and East India Goods

                                    £1345.13.4

                                        134.11.4

                                          67.  5 .8

            Substract             201.17.-

            Ans’r               £1143.16.4

 


 

PC  Page 91

 

Simple Interest.

 

Artwork:

The title is in script with large “S” and “I” but no flowers.

A 4 line border is under the title and a 3 line border crosses the bottom of the page.

 

Examples:

What is the Interest of £414.19s.8 ½ d @ 5£ per Cent per Annum for 4 Years?

 

                        £414.19.8 ½

                                        5

                        £20.14.11 ¾ in 1 yr.

            Answer            £82.19.11 for 4 Years

 

 

What is the Interest of £780.12.10 for 8 years & ½ at 6£ per Cent?

 

                        £780.12.10

                                          6

                        £  46.16.  9 for 1 Year

            Answer            £398.2.4 ½  for 8 ½ Years

 

 

What is the Interest of £428.12.6 at 5£ per Cent for 6 Months?

           

                                    £21.  8.7 ½ for 1 Year

            Answer            £10.14.3 ¾ for 6 Months

 

 

What is the Interest of 875£ @ 6 ¼ per Cent for 9 Months?

 

            Answer            £41.0.3 ¾ for 9 Mo.

 

 

What’s the Interest of £317.12.6 at 6£ per Cent for 2 Months & ½ ?

 

            Answer            £3.19.4 ¾ for 2 ½ Mo.

 

 

What is the Interest of 840£ @ 5£ per Cent for 4 Months?

 

            Answer            £14 for 4 Months


 

PC  Page 92

 

Simple Interest.

 

 

Artwork:

The title is in script with large ornate “S” and “I”.

The two masted “The brave Yankee” lies at anchor.

A 4 line border underlines the title and another 4 line border crosses the bottom of the page.

A large flourish follows the answer to the final problem.

 

 

 

Examples:

What is the Interest of £355 at 6£ per Cent for a week or 7 days?

 

            Answer            8s.2d

 

 

 

 

What’s the Interest of £250 for 14 days at 6 ½ per Cent?

 

            Answer            11s.6d

 

 

What is the Interest of £800 for 1 Year & 18 days at 7£ per Cent?

 

            Answer            £58.15.2 ¾


 

PC  Page 93

 

COMPOUND INTEREST.

 

Artwork:

The title is in all caps with the letters shaded.

A small unnamed ship is to the left of the title, and a small 2 story house with 2 chimneys is inside the “C”.

A double width shaded border is at the top and bottom, and single width shaded borders are at the sides.  The title is underlined by a single width shaded border.

 

 

Text:

Compound Interest arises both from the Principal and Interest (i.e.) when Interest on money becoming due and not paid, the same rate is allow’d on the unpaid Interest, as was before on the Principal.

Therefore to work sums in this Rule, after having found the first years Interest as before add it to the Principal, and find the Interest of the sum, and so continue to add every years produce, still accounting the sum a new Principal.

 

What will 500 £ amount to in 3 years, at 6£ per Cent per Annum, Compound Interest?

                                                   £                   s                       d

            1st years interest            30                  -                       -

            2d  Ditto                       31                  16                    -

            3d  Ditto                       33                  14                    1 ¾

            Total Interest               £  95                10                    1 ¾

            Principal                        500                -                        -

            Answer                        £595                10                    1 ¾

 

 

At 5 ¾ per Cent per An, Compound Interest, what will 625£.10s amount to in 2 years?

 

                                                  £                    s                       d

            1st years interest              35                19                    3 ¾

            2d  Ditto                         38                -                      8

            Total Interest               £  73                19                    11 ¾

            Principal                      £625                10                    -

            Answer                        £699                  9                    11 ¾

 

 


 

PC  Page 94

 

Compound Interest.

 

 

Artwork:

The title is in script with an enhanced “C” and “I”.

A 3 line border underlines the title.

A 2 line border is at the top of the page, and a thin shaded border is at the page bottom.

 

 

 

 

Example:

At 6 ½ £ per Cent per Annum, Compound Interest, what will £275.15.8 amount to in 4 years & a half?

 

 

(A series of multiplication computations derives the interest earned for each year and the half year.)

 

 

                                                              £                    s                       d

            1st Years Interest                         17                18                    6

            2d        Do                                   19                1                      9 ¾

            3d        Do                                   20                6                      7

            4th        Do                                   21                13                    3

            ½         a year                               11                10                    7 ¼

                        Total Interest               £  90                10                    7

                        Principal                      £275                15                    8

                        Answer                        £366                  6                    3

 

 

 

 


 

PC  Page 95

 

Poets Corner.

No artwork; a single width shaded border around the page and under the title.

The text has a few cross outs and write-overs.

 

 

On the Death of General Montgomery

 

When haughty monarchs quit this chequer’d sun,

When evil tyrants fall aprey to death,

Their actions may employ the venal pen,

Their praise may sound upon the venal breath.

But when the hero and the patriot fall,

(Heroes and patriots must submit to fate)

Then may the mournful verse their virtues tell

And elegy their fame may celebrate.

Come, then, thou weeping mournful goddesses, come

In baleful cypress and in yew array’d,

Meet me, O meet me by the marble tomb,

In which some hero or some patriot’s laid.

Meet me beside the vault whose maw contains

Some great preserver of his country’s peace,

Or where the pious Randolph’s dear remains

Lie bound by death’s insatiable cold embrace.

And melancholy sable queen attend,

Sadness and sorrow will support your train,

Ye sheeted phantoms from your graves ascend

And add an horrow to the awful scene.

‘Tis great Montgomery demands the tear,

The brave McPherson’s   fate we’ll also mourn,

Both to their bleeding country’s bosom dear,

Both from their country, ah, forever torn.

Could prayers or tears avert the dreadful blow

Could piercing sighs recall the once lost breath.

Then would our briny torrents ceaseless flow,

Until we’d drawn them from the arms of death.

But ah! They’re gone, they are now past relief

Their fate we mourn in vain, in vain we weep,

Our fears will not avail, our boundless grief                           Can

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PC  Page 96

 

Artwork:

A very ornate “Peggy Clayton” in script is decorated with leaves and one flower at the page bottom, with the date January the 12 Day 1777.  This is followed by a flourish.

A single width shaded border surrounds the page and separates the poem from the artwork.

 

 

 

Can ne’er awake them from their deadly sleep.

Stretch’d on the hostile plain they breathless lay,

Their mortal eyes are closed in endless night,

But then their souls are fled to endless day,

Methinks I see them near the world of light.

Wrapt up in extacy I now behold

The glorious gates of heaven open wide,

Millions of seraphs, cloth’d in robes of gold

Enclose the heroes in on every side.

Chief of the band illustrious Warran’s son,

Sweetness ineffable beams in his face,

Piercing his eyes, though piercing, still serene,

Awful his looks, yet in each look a grace.

A wreath of laurel does his brows surround,

A crown of glory does adorn his head,

And on his breast is seen the purple wound,

This which, from earth, his soul with horror fled.

Warran is sent to greet his much loved friends,

To him the lovely gentle task is given,

Safe to conduct them where joy never ends,

And bid them welcome to the bliss of Heaven.

 

 

                   Peggy    Clayton                             January the

                                                                   12 Day 1777